Military tactics development in armies throughout history
First: the ancient armies:
Those armies grew up with the growth of civilizations in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Asia and in Africa and the Nile Valley. In 3200 BC, the Babylonians the fact that an army of spears campaign and archers bow and arrow. In about 2500 BC, use the Sumerians who settled land south of Babylon, the first loader chariot. In the beginning was the vehicle pulled by red and the brutality of small size, and then replaced the horses out later, when he used Ahmose the Egyptian army commander who expelled the Hyksos, a founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh, the rule of the (1560 to 1542 BC). Then these vehicles have evolved during the reign of Ramses II, who ruled from (1301 to 1235 BC) during the war against the Hittites. By the eighth century BC, the Assyrians systems armies armed with spears and rams (war machine your child besieged cities walls).
In the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks enter Alcardosh which may be the first major tactical formation in history. In this configuration was spears campaign who wear body armor stand in four rows, row length of 50 men, thus constituting a coherent rectangle. Although it can be used in the attack, but the Alcardosh invented basically Kcecchel defensive.
Was stronger conquerors in that period, Cyrus the Great, king of Persia. In the fourth century BC by the Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, and second in the world conquerors, creating the first military Supply System world has ever known.
The Romans developed the second greatest tactical formation. In the early fourth century BC, the Romans invented the Legion. See: Roman legion. This configuration has been rectangular more flexible than Alcardosh, as it was composed of three lines of Alkradis called small pieces or later Brigades. Roman Carthage was conquered in 146 BC and built a great empire. The Romans also military engineers proficient, where the armies of Julius Caesar bit **** roads, build bridges and forts in different parts of Europe.
In China and other civilization originated in isolation from the empires of Europe and West Asia. The Chinese invented gunpowder in 900 AD, before the discovery of hundreds of years in Europe. However, the gunpowder did not become a weapon of war to the Chinese significant, because they did not use it in artillery, though they used them as a potential stock motorcycle.
Second: the armies in the Middle Ages:
After the collapse of the Romanian Empire in about the year 476 AD, it was not of great armies of Europe for several hundred years. They were warriors are those who swept the empire of tribesmen Liberal bodied. In this period, the tradition of the militia began to emerge.
Starting from the first century, the seventh century, Muslim armies began to open up the countries east and west developed methods of attack by infantry soldiers and cavalry (knights), then most of the troops from the Mounted become warriors used swords and spears and arrows. And invented the faithful Omar bin al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, during his idea Mounted standby period, which pays out in difficult situations to resolve battles. In the Umayyad Arabs used a catapult, a long arm to receive Blvavat flame to the fortified areas, as they have distinct methods of warfare is based on deception and elements of surprise and turn around an opponent and grooming.
Arabs also knew early division of the regular armies to the front of the starboard and the heart, accessible and afternoon, and carried out the Supply and ambulance operations. At the same time praying during the war, whereupon a group prayer and group guarded until they finish and reach them, has stipulated in the Koran, a prayer which is called fear. See: Prayer (prayer of fear). The successors of the commandments of the wise to the commanders of the armies, learning dishonest methods of warfare and guide them to the methods of treatment of soldiers, prisoners and open the country's
population.
In the Middle Ages, in the West, the community grew up on the base of military relations, where land owners own personal armies of workers organized. These part-time workers were fighting at the time of the war for limited periods in the limited tasks, in interior defense. However, the judges found it difficult to organize in feudal armies effectively, and started a mercenary hired by promising them booty or wages. They were mercenaries use crossbows and other weapons which they were trained in their homes. They were sometimes abandoning their employees at the height of the battle, if they were offered the enemy paid better.
In the late Middle Ages was the Lancers Swiss, archers and crossbow are Genoese mercenaries months. In the formation of Alcardosh was debar Lancers cavalry attacks, while the javelin throwers and archers firing arrows at the enemy lines. In the fourteenth century, was the formation of mercenaries in Germany, Italy and Switzerland in the first military Brigades. Later, the secret became the basic unit in many armies.
In the fourteenth century Ottoman Turks became the first people after the Romans creates an army of professional and dedicated forces to military action. It was called softening Ottoman forces operating in the time of peace and war alike. In 1445, he rented a King Charles VII of France Brigades of mercenaries to work on a permanent basis. And subsequently it established the first regular army you know Europe since the Roman era.
A lot of modern military organizations originated in the German infantry and cavalry in the fifteenth century. The Germans had built their organization along the lines of the English armies of mercenaries known as the Saraya Free Swiss mercenaries. The Germans also organized the first units Supply combat troops. It was a primitive armies feed from the ground, which is battling them, and did not have any separate Supply organizations. In the sixteenth century German knights created an office for supply and catering to secure housing and food.
The invention of gunpowder hastily developed to organize armies and tactics. Guns used in Europe during the fourteenth century, where the British soldiers used the first defender in the Battle of Crécy in 1346 has begun, a defender was aimed stones, making them ineffective in shooting and slow motion. With the expansion of the use of gunpowder armies developed a defender, has effectively what Ahd thick walls of the forts.
Third: the advent of modern armies:
In the late seventh century AD, the infantry armed harpooned (Alsanka) right and mesquite (musket) are defending themselves against cavalry attacks, without relying on Alrmahin. The soldiers were standing in three rows, by category, in the formation of the so-called Line. The foot soldiers firing at the same time fire their rifles with smooth-Jouf on the Short Term.
In the early seventeenth century, it was all men's commitment to work in the army during the war, it has faded almost everywhere. However, Sweden has maintained this tradition throughout the Middle Ages, where the king used Jstafss Adolphus conscription to recruit troops for the Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648 AD). His army has been awarded the highest degree of agility, as endowed with weapons, lighter and more effective in the shooting. And it referred to his forces from time to time as it is the first modern army. See: Jstafss Adolphus; the Thirty Years War.
In the eighteenth century, most countries continued to build their armies volunteer recruitment, especially among the poor and unemployed, became the armies of professional groups, strong infantry soldiers well-trained Tssandem artillery and cavalry. Most states have followed certain systems in the war, did not deprive campaigns only when the weather is nice. The soldiers were sheltering at their residence in the winter does not come out to fight only in the spring. They were trying to get a suitable location before attacking the enemy, as it was the leaders who are surprised at unfavorable locations often choose to withdraw rather than fight to the end.
In the early eighteenth century (xii AH) established the Muhammad Ali of Egypt army gave him large numbers in the numbers of Egyptians, Circassians, standing arms and endowed fleet and provided him with all the means of power, reached after several years degree could with them to fight the biggest countries, even annoyed England and Russia frequent conquests, Fkaddoa the Treaty of London in 1841 to stop this progress and curtail military movement.
In the mid-eighteenth century Enter Frederick the Great of Prussia more agility on the art of war. When his enemies was surpassed in number, they invalidate them quickly and unexpectedly. Frederick found himself forced to fight wars on several fronts at once, making him to move quickly to attack one army, before the army could unite with other armies to attack him.
The French government has adopted a kind of conscription in 1792. See: conscription. It has recruited armies of Napoleon Bonaparte tractor mandatory basis for his conquests. Each of which has Napoleon's armies to the Department of teams moving independently of the other, but they are all united to fight. Often Napoleon was rallying all the heavy cannons in a huge battery, lava pours from the fire at one point of the enemy lines, and then push forward Bcecchelath heavy cavalry and infantry in at that point. Napoleon's enemies have been forced to adopt conscription for the development of national armies systems to defeat him.
It was significant growth in the size of armies, that would make regulation necessary to control the troops from a distance. It was not easy guide that number of military units in the field personally, but a military genius Knapeleon. It is the year 1840 onwards, the railway has been spreading across Europe, and the Prussians realized that they could transport the army more quickly by rail, making it possible to make planning more accurate in the long term. Gerhard von Scharnhorst was able in the Prussian army of General Staff of the development of modern planning duties carried out military operations in the future.
In the nineteenth century, the French Revolution led to the production of weapons and ammunition on a large scale, then later came the invention of the aircraft and motorized vehicles. Leaders have been able to guide their armies in distant parts of the battle fronts, radios and other means of communications.
Fourth, armies in both world wars:
When World War I broke out, the gun has become a machine gun weapon dominant on the battlefield. This has made the use of machine guns, freedom of movement is impossible on the Western Front, which both parties had to trench warfare. When you find the infantry progress toward the enemy impossible, it was Ttakndq to hold on to their positions. The rail movement of millions of soldiers to the battlefront, as trucks carrying supplies from the discharge points on the rail to the front lines. See the First World War.
Field commanders tried to put an end to the war of the trenches, and achieving lightness tactical movement. They stoned and bombing the enemy lines, and then follow the intense attacks with spears. But these attacks, which lasted for three years, failed in the end, it remained the trenches of the Western Front completely steadfast. It was not long until the military leaders found a solution, though they had used it wrong and late, we have developed a British tracked vehicle with a gasoline engine works armored, as they made the first military tank. See tank. Replaced the tanks eventually replace Mounted Knights. In that war planes they were used for the first time in support of the fighting on the ground. See: Air Force.
In World War II tanks and aircraft were able to restore agility to war. Germans have developed a blitzkrieg. The tanks and bombers start pounding the enemy defenses to make it big gaps, and then flows through the gaps pedestrians to navigate the war deep into enemy territory. See: World War II.
The war also saw the first use of portable air armies in large-scale operations, the Germans carried out the first paratrooper invasion in May 1941, when they took on the island of Crete. Portable air larger operation in September occurred in 1944 when the three teams from the Allied paratroopers landed behind German lines in a partially successful attempt to capture the bridges of the Rhine. The largest amphibious assault in history has occurred on June 6, 1944, when the Allied armies descended on the land of Normandy in northern France.
In World War II, armies have developed the art of military equipment (supplies and services) to the military high level. It has been able to organize a huge leadership of its mission to provide food, clothing, weapons and supplies and transport combat troops. See: Military equipment. Nasrallah attributed the Allies in World War II in part to their superiority in military equipment and civil industrial production.
Fifth: The armies of the nuclear age:
World War II came to an end shortly after the US warplanes dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombing has not led to Japan's surrender, but the form of start-nuclear age line.
I have brought sweeping changes of nuclear weapons in war. However, some military experts doubt at the outset in the importance of such weapons on the battlefield. It was primitive types of nuclear warheads only thrown bombers flying at high altitudes. This type of chucking it was not easy to use on the battlefield, but was considered a moratorium on strategic objectives only. In the early sixties of the twentieth century, armies developed nuclear artillery and short-range missiles and ballistic missiles targeted. These weapons have changed many experts think about the tactical use of nuclear weapons. It was able cannons and missiles like that launch nuclear warheads on large crowds of troops or warehouses Supply or any other target is located within the range.
Great armies have been in the world to a lot of changes that make it less vulnerable to attacks with nuclear weapons, for example, has been reorganizing large combat formations in small units with the ability of high mobility, so that these units are distributed to the hidden sites well near the enemy position in the the case of the outbreak of a nuclear war, this way you can combine in a short time to grab a goal and then disperse again. Army supplies also came to the same changes. In the case of the outbreak of a nuclear war supplies stored away from combat zones, to be transported to the front-mediated cargo planes and helicopters huge.
Since the end of World War II under the fear of nuclear war in the way the explosion, preventing major armies of the use of nuclear weapons. As a result, the war did not come from the traditional nature of the nuclear era. The Korean War broke out in 1950, the first major conflict. Most of the fighting in this war, the share of major armies. See: Korean War.
In the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century, the number and types of nuclear weapons and their increased a remarkable increase of the attention, however, the armies continued to use traditional tactics and weapons in the war. For example, the US military relied heavily on the traditional tactic of war, during his involvement in the Vietnam War from 1965 until 1973. This tactic was the most effective ways in the face of guerrilla warfare in the jungles of Vietnam. See: the Vietnam War.
Arabs and the Zionists fought conventional wars in the years 1956.1967 and 1973 m. Also fought the Iranian and Iraqi armies long conventional war, it lasted between 1980 and 1988, and saw in some stages of the use of poison gas. The tactics used by both sides like tactics of World War II, where the planes and tanks advancing attack, then followed the infantry in the battle, but the war of October 1973 between Egypt and Israel, offering Egyptians a pedestrian first, Fbroa Suez Canal and overran the Bar-Lev, the fortified line and spread themselves along front of more than 200 km, to be extended bridges across the canal and crossed the tanks and armored vehicles.
The armies of major powers began in mid-seventies of the twentieth century in the resolution of conflicts mediated by short-term wars intensive operations. The big development in computers and other electronic devices industry a significant impact on modern armies. Now we find that many of the armies draw upon to accomplish tasks that satellite images, and devices that pick up the live images from the battlefield, they also make use of advanced communication means designated by the receipt of orders from the political and military leaders. Armies and focused strategy as well as mobilization of any ability to transport troops and gear number to any spot in a short time using fast ships and aircraft giant transport. In 1990, the United States was able to move the 200,000 US troops in full their equipment to the Gulf region to participate in Desert Storm battles that liberated Kuwait from Iraqi regime forces in what is known as the second Gulf war.