Academic research on the cultural, intellectual and literary life in ancient Egypt .. thoroughly researched the literature of the era of the pharaohs

Academic research on the cultural, intellectual and literary life in ancient Egypt .. thoroughly researched the literature of the era of the pharaohs

Cultural, intellectual and scientific life in Pharaonic Egypt

First: Arts

A - Writing

See also: language, writing and arithmetic in ancient Egypt

History preferred Egyptians humanity will not be forgotten in the invention of writing, it has been done before the era of unification of the country, and writing the ancient Egyptians record the manifestations of political, religious, cultural and economic life.

Development of writing

The ancient Egyptians record their thoughts through images, and each image indicates a specific word, astronomical Egyptians writes the ancient word "fish" painted miniature image, and named this writing "hieroglyphs," and was used on the walls of temples, paintings of stone and wood, and written from top to bottom or Conversely, it is right to left or vice versa. These hieroglyphs used in the registration of religious texts, also known as the "sacred line".

Then came a simplified form of writing called "hieratic" (ie clerics line), and used in religious books and literary texts in the Middle Kingdom.

Finally he appeared writing demotic (ie popular writing), which is used in all aspects of life, and spread in later times, Fashionable Ptolemies and Romans.

How we came to read ancient Egyptian writing?

In 1799, the French military teams found the "Rosetta Stone" near the Egyptian city of "Rosetta", it was as a key to the meaning of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs revealed. And "Rosetta Stone" is a block of black basalt inscribed with circa 196 BC praise of the king "Ptolemy V" in the form of three parallel inscriptions, in hieroglyphic languages, Egyptian and demotic, and Greek. Comparing the three languages ​​possible for scientists decipher the mysteries of hieroglyphics, and laid the foundations of modern science so Egyptologist. Rosetta Stone now displayed in the British Museum in London.

After the advent of the French expedition to Egypt in 1798, a campaign officers found the stone known as the "Rosetta Stone", and carried him to France, the world's French "Champollion" Jean François Champollion was able to decipher the writing on it codes, Vomcn read what he left the ancient Egyptians from the writings on the walls of tombs and temples, or on papyrus scrolls. In recognition of the efforts of the French world, the Egyptian government gave his name to one of the major streets in the city of Cairo.

Writing Tools

Panel to Egyptian writer Scribe of the graveyard "Nbamom" Nebamum as "good" (about 1400 BC).

Use the ancient Egyptian pen spire made of woven, black or red ink, and wood panels and sheets of papyrus, and books were the ancient Egyptians is a coil of Qratis papyrus, and which we take most of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Date decipher ancient Egyptian language symbols

The Egyptology is still a recent note, it was not possible for us to know the ancient Egyptian language, but for nearly a century .. well not yet Nlm entire field of science Egyptologist, Vlszlna in the exploration stage, and continue excavations on a regular basis and provide us with new documents annually. It is deployed already collected from the effects of systematically coordinator. As long as we have not reached yet know all the historical sources there is a great hope still in the access to new discoveries. However, what combines hands of enough information to proceed with writing the history of Egyptian civilization in its broad outlines.

It was not in our power to offer this overall picture of the ancient Egyptian civilization, on summarized in this encyclopedia, but for the discoveries, "Jean-Francois Hmbulion" (1790-1832) Jean-François Champollion iconic Egyptology. One of the exciting adventures of "Napoleon" results, they have attracted the attention of hungry minds to knowledge to the east .. to Egypt. It can be said without exaggeration that the re-discovery of ancient Egypt, dating back to 1809 with the publication of the book "Description of Egypt" De ,,,,,, ion de l'Egypte, which put the French campaign on Egypt's scientists in 1798. It contained this massive copyright on new materials and information at the same time it began a romantic movement pays homage to the past taste and taste of the East. It is no coincidence that "Delacroix" Delacroix and "Byron" Byron and "two women" Lamartine is on but not limited to, were contemporaries "to Hmbulion," and they were like him Mhdodin to the world of the East.

Of course it was not enough that the conditions are right, and reach the French mission scientists in Egypt thanks to their knowledge and their wonderful hard to raise funds for the completion of this discovery information, but he also needed to genius. The "Hmbulion" holding the glare that is indispensable, he has been passionate in Egypt passionate about since he was a boy. And delved learns hard every heals hatred of anticipating what a passion: be mastered on Egypt. And the opening of his classical composition the way for Greek and Latin sources. Then increased it thanks to his hard work, expert knowledge was aware of its usefulness: In the seventeenth century Father "Kircah" proved P. Kircher, a Jesuit Fathers (Jesuit), that the Egyptian classical language, is still alive through the Coptic language, which has been on his days talking between the monks of Egypt, the language (and still are used in the Egyptian Coptic Orthodox Church to this day in parts of the religious rituals), and has been used by monks until the nineteenth century. And then learn "Hmbulion" Coptic language added to the study of Arabic and Hebrew. As you know, Syriac and Ethiopian and "Chaldean" (Aramaic). Thus faced "Hmbulion" problem of problems, which is decoding the hieroglyphs, and arms have the best arm.

"Rosetta Stone".

Was a pimp, "Bonaparte," the French have discovered in the Nile Delta, a block of black basalt engraved on its surface blogger text in three different lines. This stone block conventionally known as the "Rosetta Stone" in relation to the place where it was found, was published in the book "Description of Egypt." And immediately it became the focus of the scientific community, given their importance. In fact it was one of the three lines, a Greek line is known, Voamat revealed a decree of "Ptolemy V Abavanus (apparent)." The lines are the other two, was made up one of the signs are similar to those seen on the surfaces of the Egyptian buildings that save time, a line that is known idiomatically since "Clement of Alexandria," calligraphy hieroglyph (holy bookmarks) while the other line - which is very different, with the presence of some of the similarities between him and Arabic calligraphy: he must have been Aldemoutiqy line, an acronym commonly used in the line of popular documents.

Everyone acknowledged immediately and rightly so, that the hieroglyphic texts and Aldemoutiqy are simply a translation of the Greek text. And it seemed to be a simple problem: what is required to read and understand an unknown language to translate the text of the concept. Given that the two texts Egyptians did not quit: breaks between words as do the Greek text - it was necessary to reach into every word and its meaning and to express them. I've stood a group of insightful minds of this era powerless in front of this problem is easy solution at face value. Moreover, the problem did not come up with the same simplicity that our offer to them. To start with hieroglyphic inscription was Mhishma and researchers are unaware of the number of lines missing. The Aldemoutiqy text was alone intact. To begin with, confronted "Acirblad" Akerblad and "Silvestre de Sassi" Sylvestre de Sacy to the latter text, and reached to locate the names of "Ptolemy" in the text. Ivhba no further than this. And buckled "Young" Young, a doctor and British physicist supergroup, the hieroglyphic text, is the very fact also to determine the position of the name "Ptolemy". And use the sounds that I believe may be able to be deduced, to try to read the rest of the text, but to no avail.

Then enter "Hmbulion" who has been following the passion for research of his predecessors. The question of the curriculum that was parked in fact an obstacle to their progress. Is Egyptian pictorial writing, indicate where each sign to one vote, as is the case in modern languages. What are these voices? Is it alphabetic or sectional? "The Hmbulion" itself has a long hesitation. And discovered the beginning of the consonants alone are written with the omission of vowels, like Hebrew and Arabic old affair. There remains only the word of the great structure. What is hyper-touch way, and much of what the heart of the matter in his mind, hauled him the truth suddenly. It was the Egyptian text contains clearly Despite what it gets from the distortion of a number of marks much more than the Greek text. A phenomenon that was needed above all to interpret. I realize "Hmbulion" immediately that this excess marks due to the fact that ancient Egyptian was in the same graphic and sound. Or was in other words, has read signs and other do not read - and aim to identify not only the meaning of the word. Began "Hmbulion" apply the findings of the discoveries, and recites the first thing he read all the names of Greek kings, in the Egyptian translated. Then confronted then Egyptian words, in the sense of the word. Based on his knowledge of the Coptic language, did not reach only to read only the King, "Ramses" famous name, but also succeeded in understanding the meaning of the name means "Ra (sun god) Onjbh." Thus footsteps step interval, was able to understand hieroglyphs (1822).

From that date onwards, it buckled "Hmbulion" on what happened between the hands of the texts, the work of unrivaled actively and overcome all obstacles intercepted. In 1832, ten years after the first discovery, he wrote a book in the Egyptian grammar began the preparation of a dictionary. And collected during a trip to Egypt material for body of literature on the effects of Egypt and Nubia. And took gunning to take advantage of his works to give lectures at the "Collège de France" Collège de France, when he passed away when he was forty years old, has been weakened by what his painstakingly.

Hieroglyphic inscriptions adorning one of the statues.

Even Novi work "Hmbulion" the right amount - as is often issued in his right unjust and unfair provisions - should take into account the level of knowledge of Egyptology, before the decipherment of the hieroglyphs. What we know about Egypt in 1822 before? Since the Egyptian temples were closed in the fourth century AD disappeared both had the ability to read hieroglyphics to turn all the original documents to the Egyptian deaf marks. Vanhsrt our information, not necessarily on what was written by the authors of the Greeks from Egypt, we remind them, "Herodotus" and "Diodorus Sicilian" and "Strabo" and "Bleutarjos." It can be added to these sources some of what was written by the Church Fathers, such as "Clement of Alexandria" and "Eusebius".

One should not, of course, minimize the importance of this classic sources, it is the center of these works, one of which pulls us in particular. In a time of the Ptolemies, put the Egyptian priest named "Manton" a history of Egypt at the request of the Greek king. If keeping us forever this full travel, he Jalil interest, because "Manthon" he still possesses the corner of hieroglyphics. Unfortunately, the author lost precious to us, but the frequency of the body fragments scattered received within cited by some Jewish writers Kalmarkh "Yousefaos" and "Sextus Julius" Greek historian aka Balagrivy and manual prepared by him "Eusebius". Yet each one of these nights what we know about the book but we got through the seed which Rate "George Alsncely" George le Syncelle in the second half AD.

The author of "Manton" As we arrived not only under the shade, the only interest that we owe it to him is to divide the history of Egypt to thirty families. All of these sources combined represent only a little less, because it is difficult to take advantage of them. Indeed, it did not collect the owners of these works their findings from the information, directly and without an intermediary, but did not exceed Kateboh from being a group of "gossip." Then came "Hmbulion" discovery to alter the status of the matter, as has become the Egyptian documents accessible after they had talismans and gas, has become possible to validate and update the classic sources. And it embarked on ancient Egypt reborn.

And thanks to the foundations laid by "Hmbulion", it was possible for Egyptology to stand up, and still continue getting out, given that it has not yet been infinite riches provided to us of ancient Egypt, nor is it about to be, are still ancient Egypt spared us discoveries, like the discovery of "Tutankhamun" graveyard and the discovery of burial grounds, "Tanis" - "Tanis" now - at a later date. And then the capital of ancient Egypt remains - despite all the seeming appearances - as we see it sends to life before our eyes with all coincidence leads to a new discovery.

And these discoveries are published successively in several French and non-French patrols, in many languages. Gradually displaced unveiling of civilization was scientifically in limbo by a century and a half ago, which should not lose sight of that.

The ancient Egyptian language and writing

Leaving aside the physical features are ethnic, the language is the hallmark of a people. What the Egyptian language assets, then? With specialists are arguing for a long time between someone origins Semitism and the other believes that the African origins. Some even went to the assumption that the assets Okienah! Today predominates semi-agreement that the Egyptian Cushitic (Sudanese languages), Berber and Semitic languages, each of which constitutes a group independent of the other, though all of them were derived from an ancient common language. He explains, at the same time, what we notice the many similarities between the different groups, specifically between the Egyptian and Semitic languages ​​and between Berber and Egyptian. It is also what makes us the indispensable assumptions which had appeared - and especially the assumption invasion - which was formed in the past to explain aspects of these similarities. And then the Egyptian belongs to the other peoples of Africa, where the white of the features are physical and in terms of language, alike.

There were Egyptian language written to us since Altheiny era, or about the year 3100 BC, and so is one of the first known writings of humans, it is useful to dawn upon a quick look. We already took a look at the history of decoding. On top of what we celebrate this writing they originated local origination authentic, it was raging all use of hieroglyphic signs of a global animal and plant in the Nile Valley alone, which is proof that the emergence and growth were a local phenomenon, but also the perception of these signs of some tools and utensils that were used in Egypt since the minimum age of civilizations copper stone, which is evidence that the writing is definitely the product of Egyptian civilization without the other, and they have originated on the banks of the Nile.

Have we received in writing three different images, released on the first idiomatically hieroglyphics. The moratorium on monuments and buildings, shall be inserted each sign individually with superior attention to detail drawing. Vtair, for example, do not referred to the side contours, but also various features interior also with surrounding wings, eyes, claws, etc .. It goes without saying that the codification of this writing it takes a long time, even with the reduction of the drawing, because one word may consist of five or six different marks. And then it has been used since ancient times the Egyptians concise writing, you know idiomatically Balheiratiqih. It is adopted by the majority of literary writing, administrative and legal Egyptian texts at hand which. Finally, it has been shortened hieratic role in the Late Period, giving rise to the demotic. The evolution in demotic signs reached a limit impossible to identify the original hieroglyphic models. Use Aldemoutiqy line identify many important legal documents which is often our only source when studying some institutions.

It is noted that the ancient Egyptian writing, whether calligraphy hieroglyph or Alheiratiqy or Aldemoutiqy - never evolve and remained committed to the first origins, though it possesses the simple signs, and never turn into writing alphabet, like the Phoenician, Greek, modern languages, but with the switch to the Coptic language in the following centuries, the language is still used in the Egyptian church to this day. The Coptic script written in alphabetical order, where using a combination of their own and other Greek letters.

The Egyptian writing system (pre-Coptic) complex installation in a matter of fact. On the one hand he could always imagine that materialism unparalleled views. If we are writing words such as paddle and arc and plow etc .. Mjaddava enough to draw the bow and plow. This is known as the beating of writing calligraphy collages, and commonly used in Egyptian writing over the centuries. However, the graphic line is not fit to express everything. For example, how you can portray acts such as walking and running and going up or abstract words Kalvkr love etc .. To get out of this problem, dish Egyptians puzzle photographer base, and they have to dismantle the naked words into their constituent elements, which can be represented things that have a similar sound.

To illustrate an example we choose it in French. How to write the word permission Détourner - meaning: moderated (head) - will change direction - about the (view) - based on the ancient Egyptian way, we can divide the word into three components and draw a straight "respond", "Dé" then "Tower"

"Tour" and finally "nose", "Nez". It is the principle of hieroglyphic writing the same as used in Altheiny age to write flags - names, but this system was in need of extras to become valid for use. To begin with, as a value brand voice may be a source of ambiguity and confusion. The reader may explain, for example, my picture "Zodiac" and "nose" an erroneous interpretation and Iqrohma "Castle" and "nose" for example. In order to avoid these errors Egyptians added a satirical sign placed in front of and behind the mark CT to determine the read. The analogy we will put the letter "T" in front of "Tour" and the letter "Z" after "Nez" Finally they finish the call sign do not read albeit determine required reading reference to the meaning of the word, and through an idea, an idea of ​​movement, for example, old age or sustenance etc .. The steadily and final specific these signs. If we go back to the example that multiplied it to add to the previous graphics man turn his head a clarification of the concept of "managed" involving the word we have written sound manner. Egyptian Writing include permission SOUND signs like Hrova alphabet along with figurative marks which there is no corresponding in our languages, but still retain their Chinese writing. In addition, some audio labels itself is composed of two characters who dwell or three static fee per character. It marks CT.

The hieroglyphic writing system is very flexible, you can begin writing from the right or from the left, both, but also from top to bottom. It can distinguish the direction of reading (from left to right or vice versa) through human and animal forms drawn, which tend always Bjrhaa beginning of the line hand. As it is read from top to bottom. There is what looks like a dictation. Memory and facilitate the process of reading. Finally, we find that the CT signs are too numerous, (as a few hundred common signs), follow her satirical always sign one or two or three, and in furtherance of a particular reading. However, the Egyptian did not amount to an invention of writing the alphabet as we know it today. Not only did the cutter and by refusing to abandon pictorial labels and tags CT up to the discovery of the alphabet, but it seems clear that it moved away, more and more. I have diverged Egyptian writing in the Late Period for writing the alphabet, having doubled the tags used, first and foremost figurative marks, compared with the writing of the old state, which did not go overboard in the use of tags. Finally, it did not provide hieratic and demotic to simplify writing delete unnecessary labels, but used a line provides faster typing.

As for the rules of language that characterized the Egyptian position of every word of the lyrics have a strict arrangement which does not depart from it, Vtaataaqub words in the usual as follows: act Valvaal then direct effect Finally Mufail indirect. The cases of expression as defined by the Greek and Latin does not exist in the Egyptian. But unique to its own problem, namely that it lacks compassion and connectivity tools. One finds it difficult to determine the ligament that connects the sentence with preceded or followed.

From the teachings of "Btahuteb" (or "Ptahotb"): "There are limits to art, as there is no artist or his craft fully versed completely out of his art or his craft."

Having been decoding the writing symbols became understanding of ancient Egyptian documents available and are to be at the moment the most important sources of Egyptian history, a wide variety of sources, and includes: Glossaries CVs carved hieroglyphics on stone panels and roofs walls of the tombs of individuals, official glossaries ownership of the campaigns has carved mostly on the walls of temples, Blog and property listings on papyrus or engraved on the stone, and literary texts or administrative started calligraphy Alheiratiqy on papyrus or small wooden panels or feared pottery or stone ( "Aloostraka"). As these sources are sometimes just names etched on a small or scarabs or small statues of things. Thanks to this crowd of documents, could rewrite the history of Egypt as we know it now.

Hieroglyphic signs

1. diacritics Alphabetic signs - each sign represents one vote and there is no representation of the most Vowels vowel sounds:

A as in the English word apple: (form of punishment or eagle),

W or OO - two votes - W as in the English word and won OO as in the English word boot:,

KH - ch as in the English word loch: (form placentas),

G as in the English word gold:,

P as in the English word puppy: (a mat),

Y as in the English word baby:,

SH as in the English word shop: (a pond),

Q as in the English word quick: (Tel shape or slope),

K as in the English word kitten: (a basket), N as in the English word no: (form of water), H as in the English word ha: (a thread of linen scheduler), I - ee as in the English word feet:, F as the English word fan: (a rattlesnake two centuries), TH (the form rope):, M as in the English word mum: (form Owl), S as in the English word sit: (a fold of cloth), J - dj as in the word English edge:, D as in the English word dirt:, R as in the English word rat: (shape of the mouth), T as in the English word two: (a loaf), L (lion): 2. CT signs Syllabic signs represent 2 or 3 static letters Consonants: B as in the English word bat:,

Or: Maine:, Ra:,

Mays: KA: Mir:,

Sha:, Kneipp:, Butt,

Ikhyeear: Sue:

Ancient Egyptian numbers

The ancient Egyptians invented the decimal system uses these symbols: 3. graphic signs depicting Word-signs words using pictures of things full as words for those things, and keep track of this kind of signs mark the list of Upright stroke to indicate that the call has been completed in one sign (ie sign represents the form of the object to be writing his name). 4. specific signs or deterministic Determinative an image thing helps the reader understand the meaning, for example, if the word is to be written express an abstract idea, they draw the form of a roll of papyrus strapped and sealed to indicate that the meaning of this word (Abstraction) can be expressed as his writing but not graphically directly (as opposed to words that can express them directly graphic signs).

Issue 1 :, No. 2 :, Issue 3 :,

Issue 4 :, 5 :, number number number 6 :, 7 :,

No. 8, No. 9 :, number :, 10 :,

Issue number 100 :, 1000 :, number 10000 :,

No. 100000 :, number 1,000,000 (million):

Examples:

B - the types of ancient Egyptian literature

A section of a copying "Book of the Dead", which dates back to the beginning of the family of the 19 (circa 1310 BC), depicts the final trial for the dead in front of "Osiris" god of the dead (which in this version "is-Nevers" Hu-Nefer writer royalist) . And explain the hieroglyphs and drawings in this section of the Dead ritual heart weight before they can give him a happy eternal life.

Ancient Egyptian writing, record the ancient Egyptians different decency which depicted all aspects of life, such as:

*

* Religious literature: who deals with religious beliefs of the Egyptians, and their theories about Alehiahalokhry, and rebirth, immortality, and the creation of the universe, and the gods, religious mythology. Such as: Pyramid Texts (Pyramid "Unas" B "Saqqara") which is recorded on the walls of some of the pyramids to be of help to the dead in the afterlife, and the Book of the Dead, which is a religious writings written on papyrus and placed with the deceased to help him and protect it Aoun for the dead save him from hell and also religious mythology myth "Isis" and "Osiris," which describes the triumph of truth and justice no matter how long injustice and falsehood.

* FICTION: The ancient Egyptians excelled at writing stories, which was what happened in their days (story "Snohy"), including the Al-Kharafi (story navigator drowning).

* Literature Althveby 'are the teachings and the rule of tips and commandments of defects, the most famous of those wise words of advice "Ptahhotep" in the old state, and al-Hakim "Annie" in the era of the modern state.

* Literature praise: a literature aims to glorify the acts of kings or persons, or to commend Bbtoulthm or virtue.

Snohy story (of fiction, a true story)

The story revolves around the leader "Snohy" King's army commander "Amenemhat" in the Middle Kingdom, he fled when he heard the death of the King, and took over the Crown "Snosert" verdict, where he was "Snohy" his enemy. We arrived "Snohy" to a Bedouin chieftains in Palestine, which honored him eldest daughter and her husband, Vhakd on "Snohy" its neighbors, and the back of them a boy asked his duel, and won "Snohy" and spent it. Under "Snohy" in Palestine until he became an old man, and Aziz increased longing for his homeland Egypt, and when Pharaoh learned pardoned "Snohy," and honored him and appointed in his court.

The story of the drowned navigator (from fiction, a fairy Qusai)

The story tells that the airman Egyptian boarded a ship in the Red Sea in order to go to a distant country, and there was a storm sank the ship passengers, except this Masri, who landed on the island, taking the parade in search of food, and if it corresponds to a snake length of 300 cubits, Vtmlleke horror, but serpent assured him after he recounted what happened to him, and he lived in the Egyptian peninsula months, and if an Egyptian ship pass, Vthmlh to the homeland Egypt, after this arduous journey and its horrors.

Osiris myth (fictional legend tells us a lot of the ancient Egyptians) beliefs

Legend: the God of the Earth and the God of heaven were a couple the couple had two sons, namely: "Osiris," and "six", and two daughters are "Isis" and "Nephthys," married "Osiris" from his sister, "Isis," married "six" of his sister, "Nephthys "the rule of" Osiris "righteous judgment is loved by the people, and the" six "was a hated villain, his heart filled with malice against his brother" Osiris ", and took scheming plots to get rid of it.

God "Osiris" holding a stick of Kings (endless square Kalkhtaf) and the scepter of the gods.

He established a "six" feast called for by some of his friends from the gods, and of them, "Osiris" and declared "six" on the guests that he had prepared a coffin adorned with precious stones will win him from being the size of his body as a gift, and it was "six" was making the coffin so that fits the body of his brother "Osiris."

Taking each one sleeps in a coffin in order to see if the size of his body even win it, he came up to the role of "Osiris", and when D 'Osiris' body in, hastened "six" and his aides and blocked the coffin, and threw him into the Nile, left him the power to the sea average, there his waves to the coast "Phoenician" (Lebanon current).

As I learned, "Isis" by what happened to her husband, saddened and deeply saddened I took're looking for, even guided into place and carried the corpse with them to Egypt, where he hid in the swamps of the Delta, and took pray to God to respond to her husband's life.

God responded to the call of "Isis", and life returned to "Osiris", but "six" the villain was able to find his brother, and tore his body and threw their parts in different regions of Egypt.

The "Isis" has given birth to the "Osiris," a child is "Horas" (Horus), who avenged of the "six" and fought and defeated him, but "Osiris" has become the god of the dead after he refused to return to this world is full of evil.

See also: Abydos and Dendera: The Legend of Auxerre and Isiah

"Isis" breastfeed "Horus".

Second: Science

Modern statements proved that the ancient Egyptians had their science was based on the experience and expertise, and the systematic research, and most important of these sciences:

A - astronomy and calculating time

The religion and associate with the lives of the ancient Egyptians the greatest impact on the evolution of astronomy, and it was the priests "Heliopolis" first cared for the study of astronomy, and came to know a lot of stars and planetary positions. The Egyptians also invented the ancient solar calendar (based on the sun) cycle, and divided the year into twelve months, each of thirty days, bringing the number of days a year of 360 days, and stayed for five days last every year, they call it days "Alencye," as General chapters divided into three chapters, and also used the machines to measure the hours of day and night.

B - Engineering and Account

Ancient Pharaonic papyrus from the 17th century BC (ie, since about 3700 years) is a reference in the math reveals to us that the ancient Egyptians used the decimal system.

Ancient Egyptians knew the origin of the account and rules, They used addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and came to the knowledge of fractions, as applied in engineering, he who contemplates various pyramids can be estimated that the implementation was based on engineering principles. The ancient Egyptians also knew rectangle area of ​​the square, and used the account in the knowledge area of ​​agricultural land and crop assessment, the degree of increase or decrease of the Nile River, the registration staff and soldiers' salaries. The units of measure the Earth foot and arm area.

C - medicine and embalming

Mummy of King Seti I Seti I.

The ancient Egyptians knew a lot about the human body and illnesses and methods of treatment, and there were specialist doctors for internal diseases, and for eyes and teeth and surgery. The ancient Egyptians also excelled in embalming, not least on the skill of the bodies of some of the Pharaohs still retain their appearance and shape, despite the passage of thousands of years. Among the most famous of Egyptian doctors "Aamahotb" who lived in the Third Dynasty.

A doctor from ancient Egypt, it seems nobility and intelligence.

There in the cemetery "Ankhma-Hur" Ankhma-Hor to "Saqqara" wonderful paintings of family sixth depicting the era of surgery in the fingers and the process of circumcision.

D - Chemistry

Egyptians is the first to know of chemistry, has Nbgua in different colors and dyes industry, also excelled in drugs and medicines from plant herbs industry, as well as in the preparation needed for embalming chemicals.

Third: The Arts

A - Architecture

Houses: The ancient Egyptians built houses of brick, consisting of one floor or two, The doctrine of resurrection and immortality pushed the ancient Egyptians to the lack of attention to the construction of housing, attention to the construction of cemeteries as Dar immortality.

Graves: Most of the tombs of the ancient Egyptians built on the western shore of the Nile River, where Imagine the result of observation sunset, that the West is a true gateway to the kingdom of the dead. In the modern state of ancient tombs carved in the rocks of the mountains west of "good" ( "Valley of the Kings").

A visit to the tomb of the King, "Amenhotep II" b "and the Valley of the Kings" - and the King, "Amenhotep II" is the seventh of the 18 kings of the family and the son of the great King "Thutmose III."

The evolution of cemeteries in Pharaonic Egypt

The cemetery was initially a hole beneath the surface of the earth where the deceased is placed, and it is filled in the dirt. Pit evolved into a room or two rooms beneath the surface of the earth are built of adobe and have him convey it. And then evolved into a compartment beneath the surface of the ground above a bench on the surface of the earth. And then evolved into a pyramid consists of several terraces, each smaller than the one below. And then it evolved into a full pyramid.

Temples - the temples are divided into two sections:

Luxor temple.

*

* Large temples: It is to worship God in a "good" ( "Amen"), including the Temple of Karnak, which is the largest place of worship in the world, and the Temple of Luxor.

* Minor temples: a funeral in order to be held by the religious rituals and funeral rites on Pharaoh, and especially the priests and the people of Pharaoh, and examples Temple "Hatshepsut" B "Bahari", the temple "Ramesseum" built by "Ramses II".

A tour of the Temple of Karnak, which is the largest place of worship in the world

A tour of the Temple of Luxor

A tour of the Temple "Ramesseum" which was built by the King, "Ramses II"

B - sculpture, painting and photography

Obelisk of Luxor that was given to Egypt to France now stand tall in the center of Place de la Concorde in central Paris, a witness to the greatness of the pharaohs.

The ancient Egyptians excelled in the carving towering obelisks rise, and in painting, engraving, photography on the walls and coded.

An image of the Statue of Sheikh el-Balad, which is currently before the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Tour in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where you can see the Statue of Sheikh el-Balad and the treasures of the King, "Tutankhamun"

Panel Wall of the Temple of the King, "Ramses III" (1182 - 1151 BC) in Luxor.

Ancient Egyptians excelled in different colors and dyes, which are resistant to industry factors of time as shown by these colorful wooden painting of the god "Horus" (to the right of the plate) and which dates back to the period of 950-730 BC.

Agricultural scenes from the graveyard "of us" Menena (about the year 1567 BC) to "good." The ancient Egyptians excelled in agriculture and also excelled in portraying everyday life in all its details, as shown by these magnificent paintings they left us for thousands of years and still retain detail and bright colors until today.

Wall chart of the "good" dating back to the New Kingdom (about 1400 BC), and the painting depicting a luncheon where slaves appear They provide food for the nobles and their wives.