Saphastoppol siege by the Ottoman and European armies during the Crimean War, quill Franz Robo.
Caught marine Sinop during the Crimean War, which resulted in the victory of the Russians and the defeat of the Ottomans, [117] quill Ivan Aaڤazoڤski.
East issue taken in the late eighteenth century, the modern form, [118] and emerged with the beginning of the ebb tide expansionist Ottoman Europe, and with the increasing tendency of the Ottomans towards the loss of their military superiority in front of the European countries, especially Russia and Austria, has been controlled by three factors: the weakness of the state increasing the Ottoman and the emergence of a number of small Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula continued in some states and internal strife, and all these factors allowed European countries to intervene in the internal affairs of the state and operated according to their interests. [118] Among the most prominent events that are exploited by European intervention in Ottoman affairs was sectarian strife that took place in the Levant during the forties of the nineteenth century, culminating in Mount Lebanon, intervened France under the pretext of Catholics protection and mainly Maronites, Britain intervened in support of the Druze, and Russia to support the Orthodox, have occurred in the country's great massacres punctuated by a few years of peace. [119] The Crimean war which began in 1854 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, the most important East phases of matter, has this war prompted international relations towards the crisis, and changed political alliances, Britain and France stood to the side of the Ottoman to defend its territorial integrity against the Russian state. [120 and get rid of this war to the Russian Czar Nicholas I think that he can make the case that ending the Eastern question drastically, and expressed his intention of sharing the Ottoman state property, introduced to Britain divided the Ottoman Empire between them, but I refused, try to lure France the same temptation, also refused, Fahaddt Russia to occupy Wallachia and Albgdan the Ottoman Russian empire State is no longer the right to protect the Orthodox Christians who lost according to the straits treaty text, [121] did not Aaaraa Sultan any attention after Britain, France, and promised to defend the country against any possible attack, Russia Vokdmt to implement its threat, the Alliance Ottomans with Britain, France, Austria and the Kingdom of Albamont, Italy, Sweden, and pounded their fleets port Saڤastoppol in the Crimea, and hit a lot of his strongholds in addition to raid a lot of ports of Russia on the Black Sea, the allied forces pushed into the territory of Russia even asked Solh, was held a peace treaty in Paris ended war and saved the Ottoman Empire from the Russian threat that was threatened, and it is expected to remain a united country Ngdoa takes up the constitutional life as defined by the West, and joins the other members of the state organization on an equal footing. [122]
At the end of the reign of Sultan Abdul Majid I, we broke a major sectarian strife in Syria, particularly in Damascus and the Bekaa Valley and Mount Lebanon between Muslims and Christians in general, and the Druze and Maronites in particular, [123] fell massacres painful toll stood at twelve thousand, [123] and it was representatives of Britain France encouraged the teams to take revenge and help them take revenge, Vkhchi Sultan that this sedition lead to the interference of foreign states military, he ordered the Ottoman officials in Beirut and Damascus should be extinguished immediately, [123] and sent at the same time, Foreign Minister Fouad Pasha, who knew savvy beams, mandated by authorities absolute to handle the situation, he took his task brilliantly executed most of who caused the massacres and the imprisonment of the remaining denied some of them and restored some Almslobac to the owners of the Christians in distress, collecting many donations spent on the restoration of villages. [123] the European countries have pressured the sultan and his campaign to accept the formation of an international committee entrusted to restore calm to the Mount Lebanon and Damascus, and the liquidation of the tails of sedition order. [123] Sultan Abdul Majeed died on June 6 in 1861, corresponding to a 17-Hijjah 1277 AH, for forty years, [124] after having done some major reforms in the state , notably Faramanh famous issued in 1856, which equaled it among all the citizens of the State, whatever their religious faith, [123] Improved situation of Christians are the largest, and increased educated proportion of them, [125] which has helped to revitalize the country's economy later. [125]
The opening ceremony of the Suez Canal city of Port Said in 1869, during the reign of Sultan Abdul Aziz first.
Apparent Sultan Abdul Aziz, the first succession and the throne of Al Othman after the death of his brother Abdul Majid, and will be recalled in his reign: the opening of the Suez Canal and a revolution in the island of Crete has been extinguished. [115] This was the Sultan many roaming in the foreign country, visiting Egypt and visited France, and tried to bring Russia him even fears in Europe, but isolated at the fatwa because squandered state funds, also provides some sources, [126] and was found dead in his room and was told that he had committed suicide and was told that he was killed, [115] and took over after his brother, Murat, and did not continue his reign more 3 months, was dismissed because of the disruption of his mind. [115]
Gaseous Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan, the second "big", the last actual Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Comic sketch of the British magazine Punch returns to the date of January 17 1876, depicts the Russian Empire body man, is about to launch "dogs of war" on the Balkan Ottoman Empire, while Britain, represented by a policeman Authority, warning her of the consequences of their work. Serbia and Montenegro war on the Ottoman Empire announced the day following the publication of this issue of the magazine.
Evacuation of Muslims to the city of Nikopol, Bulgaria after the fall of Russia, however, as stipulated in the Treaty of San Stefano.
After Murad V Apparent Abdul Hamid II succession and the throne of the Sultanate, and in that time the country was going through a severe crisis and significant financial difficulties, and experiencing revolutions winds in the Balkans carried out by nationalist elements Ttothb to achieve separation, and under political conspiracies aimed at sharing the legacy of "sick man." Since the first day of his accession to the throne, he faced Sultan Abdul Hamid accurate and tough stance, it was the crises threatening the structure of the state, and the increased spread of separatist ideas faster, and became the national new meaning I took his idea to grow and thrive in the Ottoman States, and the sultan found himself saturated revolution and disorder. [127] have Revolution broke out in the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and continued in Bulgaria, were Serbia and Montenegro in a state of war with the state. [127] for these reasons, European countries intervened to exploit the situation in order to achieve its interests under the pretext of peace. Russia and Austria, Serbia and Montenegro encouraged the the Ottoman war, where she wanted Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Russia wanted the annexation of Wallachia and Albgdan Bulgaria, and promised Russia, Austria and Serbia and Montenegro to stand next to them if the war between them and the Ottomans. [128] Indeed, the war between the Ottoman Empire and those countries, the Ottoman army was able to win and reached the outskirts of Belgrade, is that Europe's intervention stopped the war. [128] major European countries submitted a list to the Ottoman state requires the improvement of living conditions for its citizens Christians, observing European countries to implement improvement measures, refused to state regulation; because this an interference frank in its affairs, took advantage of Russia's rejection and considered a sufficient reason for the war, and this time Europe rein to Russia launched to behave however you want with the Ottomans, ranking Wallachia and Albgdan and Bulgaria reached Edirne and became only 50 kilometers from Astana, [128] as well as entered the armies of Anatolia, [129] and returned Serbia and Montenegro to declare war on the Ottoman Empire, forced the last to make peace, and concluded the San Stefano treaty with Russia, which recognized the independence of Serbia and Montenegro and Wallachia and Albgdan Bulgaria, then was modified this treaty at a conference in Berlin whereby splitting more land from the Ottoman Empire. [130] revealed the decisions of the Berlin Conference on the weakness of the Ottoman Empire, took advantage of political and national entities that weakness, and the uprisings on the central government in order to obtain full independence, and supported by Europe in order to achieve this, and so successive political crises in the face Sultan Abdul Hamid II Ottoman Empire after the Russian war and the Berlin Conference. Tunisia joined the list of territories lost by the Ottoman Empire in favor of Europe during the reign of Abdul Hamid II when it was occupied France, then Haktha Cyprus occupied by Britain, and then followed by Egypt and Sudan, under the pretext of protection of the Ottoman Empire from any attack. [131]
A number of the bodies of the Armenian revolutionaries after being executed by the Ottoman army.
Perhaps the most important events that took place during the reign of Abdul Hamid is the Armenian crisis and the establishment of the Zionist movement, historians agree, the Muslims of them private, that these two events are what contributed to tarnish the image of the Ottoman Empire and the Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The breakdown of the Armenian crisis that Armenians demanded after the Berlin conference independence, especially as the Sultan has not developed a little to their own situation, and worked European and American missionaries to raise the national feeling of the Armenian, and at the same time I thought the ruling circles in Astana that some Armenians working Kbuallae to Russia, Britain, and Sawrha doubts about their loyalty, and then looked at them as threat to the structure of the state and its future and security. [132] and the escalation of tension in the land of the Armenians, and soon engulfed the unrest, taking the rebels attacked government officials of the Ottomans, and they have a few massacres in some Islamic Kurdish villages to the attention of the Ottoman Empire to inability to live side by side with Muslims and download European countries to intervene in their favor, [128] so the Ottomans responded to the Armenian revolt that sent an army composed mostly of Kurds [133] to the regions of the Revolution, where they destroyed many Armenian villages and killed many rebels and supported them, in what became known as the "Hamidian massacres." [134] the Zionist movement arose under the leadership of Theodor Herzl, and called for the establishment of a national homeland for the Jews of the world in Palestine under the Ottoman Empire and to encourage Jews to migrate to it, issuing Sultan Abdul Hamid firman prevent the immigration of Jews to the Holy land , but eventually forced to tolerate them under pressure from European countries, especially Britain. [135] [note 13]
The role of the decay and the finale of State (1908-1922)
Main article: Fall of the Ottoman Empire
A demonstration of supporters of the Young Turks Association in terms of Sultanahmet of Constantinople in 1908.
The nationalist ideas may significantly penetrated the body of the Ottoman Empire late reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and established the advocates of these institutions and associations that carry their ideas concepts, and it was the most important of these associations Association of the Young Turks, which was founded in Paris and have had other branches in Berlin, and throughout Ottoman Empire in Salonika and Constantinople, and was able to put her feet in the Ottoman army, and had a military wing known organized Ottoman Union and have had a civil suite is a regularity and promotion, and the teams agreed to be their association as the "Union and Progress." [128] and spread the influence of Union and Progress in State annexation him a lot of control of the first Corps Astana officers, as well as the second and third Alvegayn stationed in the states of the Ottoman remaining in Europe. Sultan Abdul Hamid has tried to resist these associations, cried and stuck to the idea of the Islamic University, but failed in front of them, especially after they took over the army. [128] impose federal Sultan declaration of a new constitution for the country succeeds first constitution or "basic law" declared by the year 1876 , Vzan to their demand and announced the Constitution, federal and controlled most of the parliamentary seats in councils, and found that the Sultan would be an obstacle in achieving their goals, Fzloh howl and his brother Mohammed V in his place. [128]