Mustafa Kemal "Ataturk", President of the Turkish Republic in the future, along with some Libyan fighters, during the Italian Ottoman war.
Took Mohammed "Rashad" V throne and state in agony, but it was still coherent, and became a federal their actual rulers of the country, the Sultan was just a puppet in their hands, and at that time the state has lost much of her country in Europe, nationalism and ideas day after spreading day, and the country is in bankruptcy because of the ongoing war, the Europeans may have ruled over the country's finances to meet what they their debts. [136] in the same year to ascend Mohamed Rashad throne, the Austro-Hungarian Empire took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and three years later attacked Italy to Libya, another actual Ottoman property in North Africa, Faqaovernma Ottomans all overworked, but they could not nothing, I fell down the country after years of fierce battles. [136] then the first Balkan war, which took her old age the Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Montenegro and the Kingdom of Greece and the Kingdom of Bulgaria came, and I lost it Ottoman Empire of its remaining property in the Balkans except East Thrace and the city of Edirne, and withdrew about 400,000 Muslim residents of those countries to Turkey for fear of what may offer him the enemy soldiers. [137] in that period, the trend Turkish Turanian appeared force and violence, and sought the ruling Union and advancing to Ttrick peoples is the Turkish shared with the Turks to live under the shadow of the Ottoman Empire, like the Arabs, Circassians, Kurds and Armenians. [136] at the 1913 national Arabs held a conference in Paris, and took decisions have confirmed where the desire of the Arabs to keep the Ottoman Empire unit on condition that recognize the government of their rights, the fact that the largest Arab partners in the state, and demanded that those Arab lands control autonomy in accordance with the decentralized system, the federal Liberals have promised Arab leaders to accept their demands, but that did not materialize due to the outbreak of the first World war. [138]
World War I (1914-1918)
A German battleships fugitive fleeing into the Black Sea, and look in the background of British ships in their impact.
Russian soldiers inspect the bodies of Ottoman soldiers died during the Caucasus campaign on the Eastern Front.
Ottoman army before his attack on the Suez Canal shortly.
Deportation of Armenians from eastern Anatolia Elazig to Syria.
It sparked the first war on June 28, 1914 when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of the throne of the Austrian-Hungarian driving in the city Soeriaڤo in Bosnia subject of Austria, Vagtale a Serb nationalists, Vaattabrt the Austro-Hungarian Empire Serbia responsible for this assassination, Russia intervened to support Serbia backed France and moved in Germany against them, and soon Britain entered the war after that shortly, and then formed alliances, entered the war, the Ottoman Empire along with the axis Powers camp, namely Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, [139] after the Ottomans lost hope in attempts at rapprochement with Britain France, failed to obtain emergency loans their treasury to support, and isolated state politically after the Balkans and Italy wars; it was not for them only a rapprochement with Germany which saw its interest in "spreading eastward" option. [140] on August 10 1914, entered the Ottoman Empire physical warfare, [141] after allowing the reservoirs Germanies were Ttovan Mediterranean, crossing the Dardanelles towards the Black Sea to escape the hunt for British ships. [142] and a line Porte important step toward Subscribe to the war, where he announced the Grand Vizier the abolition of foreign Alamttiarat, responsive so one of the main demands of the Turkish nationalists, then took another step in the path of defiance close it straits general merchant shipping, also canceled a foreign post offices and all judicial authorities is Ottoman. [140] sent the German victories flash on the Russian front hope in the hearts of federal, on the possibility of land restoration Ottoman lost for the benefit of Russia defeated, attacked the Ottoman Russian ports on the Black Sea Fleet, has shaped it a fait accompli thrown Ottoman state in the war, declared Russia's war on the Ottoman Empire, and imitated by both Britain and France, Sultan Mohammed V responded to declare war, and called on Muslims to Jihad, but that did not happen, Most of the world's Muslims were Iserhon under the yoke of British colonialism, or the French, and the colonial authorities had recruited some also of them in their armies. [140] fought the Ottoman armies war on multiple fronts without fully prepared, for the Russian front suffered Ottoman campaign to defeat the heavy, where the lethality of fighting frosts and epidemic ninety thousand Ottoman troops, and in the south down the British in the FAO on the Arabian Gulf and seized Iraq, while the Suez Canal process blew up before the deadline, and the Ottomans with the Egyptians agreed to fight the British, but it resulted in defeat Ottomans and claimed the lives of many people without avail. The Allied fleet to attack the Dardanelles, in a move to seize Constantinople and directed by the Ottoman Empire from the war, and the supply of the Russian front, [143] but this huge fleet's inability to pass the strait and defeated the Ottomans his crew a major defeat in the ground battle, was the only success for them in exchange for a series of failures , featured in this battle commander Mustafa Kemal. [140]
And raised during the fighting, which broke out on the eastern front and attack the Allies in the Dardanelles and Gallipoli, the Armenian issue again, since the federal transfer of residents of Armenian regions in the states of the East and of Cilicia and Anatolia Bank into the Levant, in order to secure the lives of the civilian population and the protection of the armed forces of a possible betrayal on the part of loyal elements of Russia. [140] some Armenians have volunteered in the Russian army, [144] and killed a number of the Muslim population in Eastern Anatolia, and as a result suffered deportees operations tortured and killed in what became known as the "Armenian genocide". [145] [146] [147] after the Ottoman campaign against Egypt fails, there have been secret contacts between the British in Egypt, Sharif Hussein bin Ali, to the Hijaz, and some Arab leaders, it was agreed between the two teams on the Arab revolt against the Turks and joined the allies in exchange for a promise from them to grant the Arabs independence and restoring the caliphate them. Pursuant to this agreement Sharif Hussein announced in the June 1916 Arab revolt against the Turks, Vokhrjhm of Hejaz and sent troops to the north led and has Faisal and Abdullah to engage British forces in control of the Levant. [148] In the meantime, crushed Bulgarian resistance in the Balkans, forcing the government Sofia the request of the truce, realized Porte gravity of the situation, because the war has become close to Turkish territory, and the enemy can permeate freely in East Thrace and crawls up to the gates of Constantinople, Voberm Ottomans "moudros" treaty with the allies, came out which of the war. [140]
Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922)
A demonstration condemning the occupation in Astana on May 23, 1919.
Sultan Mohammed V died months before the end of the war, and was succeeded by his brother Mohammed, "Wahiduddin" VI. One month after the signing of the truce moudros, British, French, Italian Navy and the US entered the Golden Horn, and landed troops in Astana, which turned it into a base for Allied activity in the whole region. Allies dominated the whole Black Sea ports, and Aqtzmoa Turkish territory, he seized the French Mersin and Adana, and the Italians Antioch and Kusha Dacey and Konya, and occupied the Greeks western part of Anatolia, in addition to Thrace. [149] The response of the internal action of the Armistice Agreement negatively, the Turks refused to submit to occupation and acceptance of its projects, so she and a national revolution across the country hosted the national movement led by commander Mustafa Kemal, [150] and that I knew his name, "Kemalist movement," to face the subordination of government to the wishes of the allies and the cooperation of the Sultan Mohammed VI with the occupiers, and attempts by Greece to expand the areas it occupied, and the increase in revolutions Armenian. And held Kemalist movement numerous conferences across the country to awaken national consciousness and save the country from the division, and the national government, headed by Mustafa Kemal was formed in order to establish an independent Turkish state, it abolished all laws and instructions issued by the previous government, and placed the Sultan and his government outside the framework of the law. [149] have tried Sultan eliminate this movement did not succeed.
Sultan Muhammad "Wahiduddin" VI, the last sultan of the sons of Osman, left the country into exile in 1922.
In that period Treaty Saڤr the Sultan, which tore apart the state imposed, it has been signed by only begrudgingly, while rejected by the Kemalist government, and developed a plan to save Turkey's isolation from the Sultan. Enables Mustafa Kemal after strenuous efforts and severe collisions with the Greeks, of the victory, the entire territory they occupied Fastaad, and the imposition of the allies signed a new truce in which Greece recognized the victories of Turkey, [149] Vodhy Mustafa Kemal national hero, and emerged in the political forefront while under Sultan shade, what was it but abdicated and retired from political life, and left the country aboard a British warship took him to the island of Malta, October 17, 1922, corresponding to the 27 March the year 1341 AH. [149]
Ascended the throne of the Ottoman Empire, after the waiver of Sultan Mohammed VI, the Crown Prince Abdul Majid II, and after Mustafa Kemal became the master of the situation, the Treaty of Lausanne with allies that a waiver under which the rest of the Ottoman land is Turkish occurred, [151] then the Sultan of temporal power inventory and make it just Khalifa, any more like a sheikh of Islam, but it is also a spiritual authority. Then abolished the caliphate in 1924 and the expulsion of Abdul Majid of the country, and thus the Ottoman Empire fell substantially after that lasted for nearly 600 years, collapsed with the Islamic caliphate after that lasted more than a thousand years. [152] have lamented Ahmad Shawqi Ottoman Caliphate State Islamic verses of poetry in which he said: [153]
You minarets reverberated and platforms, and you cried and the kingdoms of ways
India, Egypt and the goddess sad cry you Bmdma Zhah
And ask Sham, Iraq, Persia Omha of land succession Mah ?!
Plaintiffs the right to the throne of Al Othman
Ertugrul Osman, the last legitimate heir to the throne born in Al-Othman throughout the Ottoman Empire.
When Mustafa Kemal Abdul Majid II was expelled from the country, with the expulsion of the entire Ottoman family members and confiscated their property, [154] They went to live in exile and barred from returning to Turkey. In 1974, the Turkish Parliament passed a resolution on the text may be granted Turkish citizenship descendants of exiles from the descendants of Osman I, was informed of this by the Turkish Embassy in each country they live. It falls within the list of plaintiffs' right to the Ottoman throne: "Mehmed Orhan" son of Prince Mohammed Abdel-Qader, who died in 1994, and "Ertugrul Osman," the youngest descendants of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Known for Ertugrul Osman refusing to carry Turkish nationality, despite offering several times, saying he was "a citizen Usmani," but nevertheless said he did not wish the advancement of the Ottoman Empire again, and said that "democracy is well Syriana in Turkey apply." [155] returned Ertugrul Osman to Turkey in the year 1992, and that was the first time that the land of his native country tramples since his exile, and members of the ruling family in the twenties of the twentieth century, and became a citizen of the Turkish identity in the year 2002. [156] Ertugrul Osman died on September 23 in 2009 in Istanbul at the age of 97-year-old boys he did not succeed, and his death was not a remainder of the plaintiffs' right to the throne of the Ottoman who were born in the period in which the state still exists. The Turks were styled Ertugrul Osman as the "last Ottoman", [157] though destined to rule as the sultan, was the largest of the state sultans older since its inception, and was known as Sultan Ertugrul second.
The "Ibrahim Tawfiq," a grandson of the grandson of Sultan Abdul Majid, the first the first heir to the throne of Al-Othman, the Turkish government also says that a US citizen of Turkish origin, named "Adnan گlchor," is the heir youngest of the throne of the Ottoman Empire. [158]
Economy
Drawing big market encased in Constantinople during the Ottoman era. Fatih Sultan Mehmet built this market to revive the city's economy after it opened and especially that she was suffering from the economic downturn.
Took care of the Ottomans various capitals of the state special attention, and they regard the cities of Bursa and Edirne and Constantinople important industrial and commercial centers in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, but in the world when the state reached the peak of its glory and strength, and Astqtaboa to artisans and craftsmen and traders skilled around under their land. [159] Among the most prominent sultans who worked on the development of the Ottoman Empire in economic terms: Mehmed and his successor Bayezid II and his grandson Selim I, during the reign of these sultans opened up many areas in Eastern Europe and the Arab world, and the Ottoman transporting them is often the most skilled artisans and craftsmen to their capital, as did Sultan Selim first when he opened Tabriz and then Cairo, [160] in that era also had a number of Muslims and Jews Andalusians had left the Iberian Peninsula by the persecution of the Spaniards to them after the fall of Andalusia, Fastqublhm Ottomans and provided them with a lot of facilities to settle in the country and contribute to the economic renaissance. [ 161]
Financial Ottomans organized their state and its treasury is better and more effective than any previous Islamic state, and continued their financial system, the best of his time systems and surpassed all financial systems of all countries of empires and republics and kingdoms of contemporary and principalities until the seventeenth century, when these Western European countries excel in this area. [ 162] attributed the Ottoman treasury boom during the Golden age of the state to they constructed a special ministry is concerned with the financial matters of the state of spending and borrowing and conviction, later known as the "Ministry of Finance", and it was headed by a competent person is "Aldfterdar" which later became known as the "Minister of Finance", 162] and had a good measure of some finance ministers significant impact on the success of the conquests of the sultans and military campaigns, as they were able, thanks these and integrity of financial policy, which painted of the state, that the disbanding of the army and Asudoh full of equipment and the latest weapons era. [163]
the currency
Ottoman paper currency from the 100 pounds category.
The Ottoman currency at the beginning of the era of the state known as "Gharwh" or "loans" were minted from bronze metal copper, and at the end of the era of the state has become a "pound" synonymous with the name of the Ottoman currency, and was in addition to the Sultan, which was issued in his name, was reportedly " pounds Mgideh "and" Guidance pounds "for example. The lira Ottoman equal to one hundred and sixty-two pounds, [164] and launched the Arab name "Alosmlah." The Ottoman pounds a gold coin at first, and then the state has issued in the era of the First World War papers in cash for the first time in the history of the country, because of the huge amounts spent on the war, [164] and multiplied quantities inflicted to the market, wiping the value of the currency for cash-Golden and silver, a significant decline, but the government was insisting on the grounds pound paper equal to the golden pounds, and was forcing people to taking possession of it and handle it. [164] deal Shawwam in the late Ottoman period also Egyptian currency, including coins gained the name "Masary®" and " ew ", which are still in the Levant were using to refer to money.
Trade
Drawing fabrics market in Astana in 1878.
The Ottomans built a lot of big commercial centers, markets and fields on main roads for trade to come down where travelers and traders convoys. There were centers where commercial goods collected and the values and prove their prices, which had been working offline work the stock market, and has been called on this trade centers called "Bdstan." [165] These centers founded first in the city of Bursa in Edirne and then spread them to other parts of the Ottoman Empire . Were all kinds of commodities and goods are bought and sold in these commercial centers, some of which specialize in the sale of certain types of goods, such as jewelry or rugs or fabrics or spices, books, or perfumes, and there was about those Baaao daily necessities of food, fuel, raw materials centers . [165]
The international trade in the fourteenth century, however, the Portuguese and the Venetians, and the precious cargo accumulate in ports, where are trade by maritime transport by ship. The Ottoman State is aware that the booming trade in any country helps to prosperity, and its failure means failure. So the revival of the historic Silk Road, and secured thereby shifting trade to the overland route again. [165] So girl Khans and trade centers on important trade routes, and established such centers in the cities as well. The state was able to - achieving security and safety for trade and traders in the vast territory and facilitate trade in front of them - control of the international trade start from the fourth century until the seventeenth century. [165]
Traders in the Ottoman period was of two types: traders hikers, and traders living in cities. It was Alibdstan buildings workplace traders residing in the cities and a center to set the prices of goods, as was the department to meet the tax. The state agents who are appointed prices and meet the tax reside there, so I was not allowed to increase prices beyond reasonable limit, which was not allowed to deal on the black market. [165] were the owners of the various trades working in Alibdstan as one family, and had them with a long and stable tradition of organizations such as the "brotherhood union." It was not taken to the union of professionals of not going through training and education, ranging from the emerging stage learner or novice factor to the trainee to the teacher or "Osta." [165]
Agriculture and industry
Dealer buys silk cocoons worms Gazz in Antioch around the year 1895.
The Ottoman Empire controlled a very fertile agricultural land distributed in all Onhaiha, including the fertile plains in the Levant, and the basin of the Danube River, the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Nile valley and the plains of Asia Minor and North Africa. All these areas have been known throughout the ages Khasab soil and abundant waters and rich production. Agricultural production was varied, Vaalghemh other grain was produced depends on the plains of Syria, Egypt and Anatolia, and olive oil was produced in the Levant, Anatolia and the Balkans. The famous Greece, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and some parts of northern Africa in fruits and fruits, grapes figs cherries peaches pears apples peaches, quince almonds and so on. [166] were no livestock is less important than agricultural production, they were flocks of sheep cows goats, camels, water buffalo Sarahh in the hills of the Balkans and Asia Minor and the Valley of the Levant and the Nile Valley. [166] and spread to many parts of the state food industries, extracted from animal and vegetable sources, most notably the silk wool soap industry. [166] in the era of the Golden State has been active military industry to meet the needs of armies light, particularly the firearms industry rifles, pistols, guns, and in many cases took the industry engineers and Hungarian, Austrian, French, Swedish, followed by the white arms industry of swords, spears and darts, the industry body armor. The diminished importance of the industry with the increasing weakness of the state and weakness against offering Western Europe.
regime
Follow the Ottomans simple to state regulation, as devised two administrators for the rule: administrative apparatus and a central device management local, and it is certain to follow the hierarchy in each device, and it was the sultan as governor of the country, the Muslim caliph, sits at the top of this pyramid. Taking the Ottomans a lot of Arabic, Persian and Byzantine traditions in the organization of administrative bodies, and merged with some old Turkish customs, Sroha all in a distinctive one pot, making the Ottoman Empire look like a legitimate heir to all those civilizations that preceded it. [167]
The central administrative apparatus