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Ottoman Empire
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Almost historians agree that there were not Ottoman civilization in the strict sense of the word. [184] Ottoman civilization was just a combination of the civilizations that preceded Nations and civilizations of the nations that Asrthm. Demonstrated a trace of the Arabs and the impact of the Persians on the one hand, and the impact of the Byzantines and the impact of Europeans on the other hand. [184] In fact, the best that can be said on this subject is that the extension of the Ottoman civilization, civilization and the Islamic caliphate Arabia, which culminated in the Abbasid period, but throughout edition Ottomans Btabahm Turkey and much of the Byzantine influences Tamoh first, then much of European influences after that. [184]
Social structure
The narrator in one of the cafes tells a story to entertain people. This was a cultural phenomenon common phenomenon among many cities throughout the Ottoman Empire.
Characterized by the Ottomans not followers of the policy of the digestion of nationalities, which helped the growth of the ruling cliques and save for Nationalities national character, it has put the sultans special system known as "boredom" system, divided by which subject them to the people, and put every sect or neurological under the rule of the leader she is responsible for them in front Sultan. [185] some historians say that this policy is one of the main reasons that led to the weakness of the state and the separation of some ethnic groups than in later, while others say that pluralism is what was behind the time continuing the state for many years. [185] granting sultans some ethnic minorities the religious right of residence throughout the Ottoman Empire and gave them safety and allowed them to practice their religion freely to meet tribute, as did Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror with the Jews and the Romans Alphenarah when he invited them to dwell Constantinople. Some of the major cities in the Ottoman Empire printed cultural character and social mixed as Constantinople, they were either commercial ports of the task or the capitals of states, or religious significance, it is these cities that still retain the character Osmani: Soeriaڤo, Skopje, Thessaloniki, Damascus, Baghdad, Beirut , Mecca, Jerusalem, and Algeria, no one has still seen in these cities a number of architectural monuments of the Ottoman ancient and modern, based on this model, and many of the residents of these cities have been displaced from other areas during the Ottoman era. [186] was to belong Majali big impact the status and prestige of his position in the Ottoman Empire, and is represented in the dirt and state agencies regarding the reception protocol. Vkadhi Rumelia was closer and the highest position of the Sultan of Anatolia, the judge, and the judges are the first to enter the Sultan, followed by the Grand Vizier then head writers and Chairman of the Capital House does not see others. Protocol method has been followed this some local rulers and Tbakoh as it was applied in Constantinople. [187]
Education
School clans Bowl, was established in 1892 by Sultan Abdul Hamid II and closed in 1907. [188]
Neglected the Ottoman Empire, through the stages of its history, the revitalization of civic education, but in the Islamic religious authority school band, and the addition to these schools, boredom schools under the supervision of non-Muslim religious communities or missionaries. [189] did not develop education in the Ottoman Empire, but at the beginning of the reign of Sultan Abdul Majid, the first and the rest of the sultans who followed him, most notably Abdul Hamid II, which established the middle and high schools and technical institutes to train young ottoman, and preparing to take over government positions and the advancement of the country. He gave the Sultan great interest in the school, which was established in 1859 on the reign of Sultan Abdul Majid first, terrifying organized according to a scientific plan, updated study methods of new, open their doors to students based in the capital, and expatriates from different Ottoman provinces, even become an important cultural center. Established the Sultan Starting in 1878, the Royal School for Financial Affairs, and the School of Law, the School of Fine Arts, the School of Commerce, and the School of Civil Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, and a school police and school customs, also established a new school of Medicine in 1898. [190]
The entrance of Istanbul University in 1900.
And crowned Sultan Abdul Hamid II efforts in the field of education to develop "Istanbul Grand School", which was established during the reign of Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror, and became Istanbul University, and included, at first her, four colleges are: [191] religious sciences, mathematical sciences, natural sciences, literary science, and promised Madrsta law and medicine faculties Mlhaktin university. [192] and the required property schools, or civil, in turn, create a number of the role of teachers to train qualified teachers in charge of teaching them, and was the first home for the teachers in the state was established, in 1848 AD, the reign of Sultan Abdul first-Majid, and has become the number in 1908, thirty-eight houses scattered in the capital and the capitals States and Alsnjkiet, [193] and the sultan established a large number of Averroism school that served as the middle schools. One of the major universities founded outside the Turkish border in the late Ottoman period: Syrian evangelical college that became the American University of Beirut, 1866, the University of Saint Joseph, the year 1874, the University of Cairo, 1908, and others. Some writers and historians who have lived through the late Ottoman period stating that the school day was beginning recitation of Al-Fatihah, when Muslims, and Psalm 23, when Christians, then followed by the phrase "lived Maulana Sultan" (Ottoman Turkish: پadeschah raring O Shah) and then followed by Turkish hymn. [ 194]
] Slavery
A black eunuchs on the door of Dar harem in the palace of the Sultan.
The slaves layer is an important indispensable in the Ottoman society part, [195] and this class is composed of boys and girls Europeans abducted by pirates or are their captivity during the battles and wars, and Africans who were abducted by slave traders from their villages south of the Sahara. Sultan Mahmud II abolished the white slave trade in the early nineteenth century, [196] was freed all the slaves of the Greeks and Georgians, Armenians and Circassians, Ottomans and became citizens enjoy the other rights enjoyed by the Liberals. However, the slave trade continued in existence until the end of the reign of the Ottoman Empire, some historians as well as stating that the breeders trade continued in existence until 1908. [197] was the harem of Sultan consists mostly of breeders, and some sultans married his mother or more than they possessed, such as Sultan Suleiman legal, who love his nation Ukrainian uninvited "Roxlan" Loving severe and married her, and she bore him Sultan Selim II. [198] has made some slaves Ottomans great fame and reached important positions, including on your big Greek origin, who became governor of Egypt and the Hijaz rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, [95] and Jezzar Pasha Bhnaqa origin, who became governor of Acre and was able to fend off Napoleon Bonaparte's attack on the city. [199]
Ottoman Empire took castration system in the palaces of the sultans, despite the fact that Islamic law forbids the principle of castration, [200] and the state was taking this illegal regime of the rare cases where that came on Islamic law. While some historians say that the Ottomans were buying slaves eunuchs from outside the borders of the state where the process of castration has been conducted for a slave as a youngster to be sold in the slave market to the kings and princes, where he was castration and sale of slaves to serve in the palaces of the kings of different countries trade thriving in Alkadimmh and medieval and bisected modern times by preventing international slavery. [201] there were two parties of the eunuchs: the eunuchs blacks they Alm_khasaon full castration, and the eunuchs eggs they Alm_khasaon partial castration, it was called the president "a cellar Agassi", [202] while it was called on the head of the black eunuchs , which is at the same time the president the highest in the Royal palaces, "Qazlr Agassi, ie," Agha girls "and" Agha Dar happiness ", [203] and put the state special regulations applicable to their service in the Royal palaces. the intense competition between the two types was due the desire of every monopolizing influence the highest in circles Bowl deficiencies in state affairs team, has been acting prime black eunuchs rose as a result of direct contact with the Sultan and arrived in third place in terms of importance after the Grand Vizier and the Shaykh al-Islam, [202] and became Minister Eetmlqouna and Almistozron approached him. It descended on all Turkish descendants of these people who have served as heads of the eunuchs in the palace of the Sultan.
Urbanism
Me Ottomans aspect Urban attention and clear, They built an extensive network of roads and bridges in the length of the state and displayed with the aid of this Bmehrh manufacturers Byzantines, Bulgars. [204] Although this network was created, primarily for military purposes, but they facilitated the movement of public transport was provided to service great too. Well Me Ottomans construction of schools and institutes of education which can accommodate residential professors and students, and the establishment of hospitals and Alpemmarstanat, nursing homes, and the establishment of popular restaurants and Hospices for the poor, and boxes that traders strangers had come down with; as well as the cursed building popular baths, public libraries, museums, palaces, mosques, especially in Astana and the state capitals. [204] influenced urban style Ottoman patterns Persian, Byzantine and Islamic at the beginning of his reign, he came mixture between them and a developer for some of them, for example, quote Ottomans dome Persian Persian Sassanids, and introduced them some adjustments to become a prominent feature in most of the architectural monuments. [205] [206] flourished Ottoman architecture in the era of expansion and conquest, then became the architect activity stagnant as the state in a period of recession, and in the subsequent period Enter Architects patterns architecture of Western Europe and Dmjoha with Ottoman-style, and these styles: Baroque, Rococo, Empire style .