History of Algeria
brief history
Algeria saw civilization across the centuries, it has found the remains and the effects of human activity dating back to about 7,000 years BC and nicked several civilizations recorded history, which Phoenician Kelhoudarh then Amazigh inhabitants of Algeria deal with.
It underwent Algeria in the seventh century BC to the rule of Carthage and then occupied by the Romans in 42 BC and 682 AD began the Arab-Islamic age and underwent Fatimid rule and built Abdallowad and Hafsids In the year 1518 subject to the rule of the Ottomans and then occupied by the French in 1830 where he rolled Algerian resistance to them that erupted revolution Algeria on the first of November 1954 and the Algerians won their independence from France in 1962 and joined Algeria in the same year, the League of Arab States and the Organization of the United Nations.
About Geography
Algeria is one of the North African Arab countries, located between Morocco and Tunisia at the intersection of latitude 25 degrees north, longitude 3 degrees east and extends its shores in 1200 kilometers to the north on the Mediterranean, and has a land border shared with Libya and Tunisia to the east and with Morocco in the west and south of the common border with Mauritania, Mali, Niger and Algeria is the second largest area of Africa after Sudan.
It consists of land of Algeria from the coastal plain north to the Mediterranean along the Bmoisadtha Atlas hill Mountains and the Atlas Mountains chains desert toward the south, where the highest elevations which Tahat summit and a height of 3303 meters above sea level, and then the mountains of Kabylie and the Aures and the children Nile and Zab and the valleys conducted waters in winter are depleted to turn into fertile pastures, and the rest of the land of Algeria, it is a very vast desert accommodate most of its surface.
First the roots of the history and civilization of Algeria 500,000 years BC.
Fossils found in Algeria indicated (Hoggar and Tassili) on the human presence in the land of Algeria
By more than 500,000 a year (ie from the Stone Age)
Then the civilizations of humanity different primitive evolved in the north: the civilization of Ibero-Maghreb (13.000-8.000 BC) as indicated by the effects
Found near Tlemcen, followed by a civilization cage (relative to the period in which the civilizations similar in Gafsa, Tunisia
(7.500 to 4.000 BC) near Constantine, in addition to other civilizations in different parts of the desert.
Civilizations that have passed in Algeria BC to the beginnings of history AD
It civilizations passed through the beginning of the period 2,500 years BC, the arrival of the Carthaginians to Algeria and the establishment of Annaba city then rotated after many civilizations mention here Numidia, the country Alnoumados, Amazigh Berbers old, County Romanian Empire and then the Byzantine, between Africa Province in the east, and the ancient Mauritania in the west, Actress the eastern part of Algeria now. . Alnoumados, they are semi-nomadic Bedouins, divided tribes. Description Roman tribes Middle Balmasaliyn (relative to Mays, the greatest grandfather Massinissa) Westerners understand Almasayliyn. . During the first Punic War, Almasayleon united under the leadership of King Syphax, with Carthage, while united Almaceleon led Massinissa with the Romans. after Romans Victorie, nomidia colonized by massinisia. As long as the state a century until the arrival of the Romans and deposed the last kings Jugurtha. Kingdom became part of the Romanian Empire. Then in 429 AD the Vandals enter the land of Algeria led Jesserako to the year 533 to 646 AD Belisarius, General Justinian I Byzantine, eliminates the Vandals, and appends the region east of Rome.
The introduction of Islam to Algeria in 647 AD
Arabs conquered the country at the hands of Muslim Abu al-Muhajir Dinar in 647 AD, which was approved Ksila Amazigh, entrance in Islam beyond. Envoy Umayyad Uqba attacking Ksila apostate in retaliation, but the obstacle kills on his hands, during the eighteenth century. The country has known the first independent Islamic countries, different capitals, (Aghlabids delegates Abbasids, Alrstmeon, Idrisid). Then it appeared Ismaili Shi'ism sponsored by the Fatimids to change conquests outflow, he opened them the land of Egypt and Syria and the Hijaz, and then turned Avasamthm to the east, accompanied by a revolt of ex-clients, alienation (the sons of Hilal, Bani Salim, Brown stronghold) to Algeria, to encourage them, starting from the 11th century.
Possession in the country, many breeds: (Ziriun, Alhamadaon, Unitarians, Alzayanion, Hafsids, Marinids)
The rule of the Muslim Ottomans in 1518
Spaniards entered Algeria from Oran in 1504, led by Gonzalo Sisenyros, Cardinal of the Catholic Monarchs, he turned to the population of Bejaia and Jijel brothers mystic, where he Barbrus mystic and Khairuddin, to develop the country Algeria under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and made from the coast of the country's naval base for their operations on the Christian fleets. These activities culminated in the year 1600, (launched on the city of Algiers Dar Jihad) name. Algiers suffered through it, to attack King Charles V in 1535 after control of the city of Tunisia, which did not last long. In 1827, the Hussein Dey (ruler of Algeria), the expulsion of the French Consul of his council, referring to the fan, Vaattabrtha France insulting her. After a long siege France occupied Algeria in 1830.
Algeria's ruling the first and only in the Mediterranean Sea
Mark Mediterranean protected Algerian fleet and his men, and it was the European powers push sailing the tax, compared to protect them.
The United States, which lost Great Britain to protect her after the liberation war, exposed vessels for maritime Jihad, where the occupants were sold as slaves, followed by this, by 1794, a proposal the US Senate in support of the Navy to eliminate piracy in the Mediterranean coasts. Although the US Navy crowd, the United States held an agreement with the Dey of Algiers, 1797, guarantees the payment of a tax of $ 10 million over 12 years, in exchange for protection of their flag vessels. Payment of tax the United States amounted to 20% of their annual turnover in 1800
French colonization of Algeria in the last decade
France Algeria occupied in 1830 after the abandonment of the Ottoman Empire where it found itself alone in the face of the biggest military force at the time * France * help and support of many European countries ... and France tried to obliterate the culture of religion Aldzeshra people the language but here it collided with fierce resistance from the people, as well as leading prominent in the history of Algeria was the steadfastness of the Orient Algerians continued throughout the period of the invasion represented in popular resistance continued throughout the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century.
French colonization of Algeria in the last decade
France Algeria occupied in 1830 after the abandonment of the Ottoman Empire where it found itself alone in the face of the biggest military force at the time * France * help and support of many European countries ... and France tried to obliterate the culture of religion Aldzeshra people the language but here it collided with fierce resistance from the people, as well as leading prominent in the history of Algeria was the steadfastness of the Orient Algerians continued throughout the period of the invasion represented in popular resistance continued throughout the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century.
One of the main armed revolts during this period:
- Emir Abdelkader resistance, which lasted from 1832 to 1847 and included both tidal and Biskra and Miliana camp and Tlemcen.
- Resistance Ahmed Bey from 1837 to 1848 and included the Constantine area.
- Revolution Mohammed bin Abdullah alias Boumaza, from 8451 to 1847 Chlef and brood and Alteatri.
- Azaaathh resistance from 1848 to 1849 Balzathh (Biskra) and Aures. One of the main leaders Bouziane (Bo Ammar)
- Resistance to Laghouat and Touggourt from 1852 to 1854 under the leadership of Sharif Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Sulaiman.
- Tribal revolt from 1851 to 1857 under the leadership of the Air Vatmhnsomr and Sharif Popglh.
- Ouled Sidi revolution Sheikh from 1864 to 1880 Oasis eggs and Djebel Amour and the Alteatri, deer fence and led Tiaret
Suleiman bin Hamza, Ahmed Ben Hamza, CNN to uphold.
- Mokrani from 1871 to the 1872 revolution in all of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Medjana, Setif, Tizi Ouzou, Draa balance, Batna, deer fence, the brood.
- Resistance Ben Larbi Ben crown, known BPO turban from 1881 to 1883, and included the yellow eye, Tiaret, happy, Salah.
- Resistance Touareg from 1916 to 1919 Btagit, Hoggar, Gantt, gutter, Ouargla, led by Sheikh Amod ..
The events of May 8, 1945
The day after the end of World War II, the fall of the Nazi and fascist regimes. Algerians went Tazahrih marched peacefully to demand France to fulfill the promise. The latter responded with weapons and brutal oppression against defenseless people. Was a terrible massacre included the cities of Setif and Guelma and turning, and killed more than 45,000 martyrs.
Algerian people realized that it does not have the freedom and independence only through struggle and armed struggle
The first revolution of November 1954 .... timeless greatest wars in modern times
On the night of the conqueror of November 1954 launched nearly thirty Mujahed 3000 offensive in most parts of the country, the sensitive centers of the colonial authorities. Operations have been distributed to most parts of the national territory so that can not be suppressed, as happened to the revolutions of the nineteenth century because of concentration in a limited views. On the eve of the outbreak of the revolution, he announced the birth of "Patriotic Front Silk" was to issue a statement explaining the nature of those events and sets the goal of the revolution, which is the restoration of independence and the rebuilding of the Algerian state.
* Attack 20 August 1955
20 August 1955 attack is the same as a new revolution, Linh most popular character and denied allegations tendentious French colonialism, and push the parties to get out of the reservation and join the Liberation Front. As overwhelming revolution swept all parts of the national territory, and the people responded automatically, waging a valiant offensive operations lasted three full days cost the enormous sacrifices of human lives, but it proved to colonialism and global opinion that the PLA is capable of.
* Soummam conference 20 August 1956
National Liberation Front made at the beginning of its tremendous achievements, which encouraged them to continue organizational work. I decided to hold my assessment conference to two years of struggle on 20 August 1956 in the Valley of the most prolific Amaqran Alsomam. Conference devoted to the principle of collective leadership, with priority military leadership struggle within the national territory.
* The village of Sidi Youssef events of 08 February 1958
Among the atrocities carried out by the French army in order to isolate the Mujahideen and obstruct the arrival of arms and supplies into the country, the bombing of the village of Sidi Youssef Tunisia along the Algerian border on 08 February 1958, where the colonial forces to launch violent attacks its aircraft war caused the destruction of tens of innocent civilians Tunisians and Algerians.
* Algerian interim government September 19, 1958
Continuing regulatory efforts of the political bodies, which leads the revolution, was on September 19, 1958 by the Coordinating Committee and implementation, the announcement of the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, reviving the state and the restoration of sovereignty, and it appears clear that he has become the Algerian people representative of the sole and legitimate.
* Demonstrations December 11, 1960
Algerian people climbed positions to become public in response to appeals by the National Liberation Front since the beginning of November 1954 stood unrest and demonstrations to express his opinion and to emphasize the unity and political maturity, it seemed so evident during the demonstrations December 11, 1960, which included all the national territory.
* The events of October 17, 1961
Collective memory retains dated October 17, 1961, the day hundreds of Algerians went diaspora in peaceful demonstrations in response to the call of a federal party, the National Liberation Front in France, Vugeoa severe repression by the French authorities. Led to kill many of them, and represents this date the National Day of Migration (IOM) in memory of those well-established events pages Algerian history.
** ** Independence
Revolution continued defiance of all kinds of repression suffered by the rural and urban areas in order to hit the pillars .utwasal armed struggle along with organized labor in order to collect financial donations and charging Aladrah and distribution of leaflets and others. Valuable Algerian people steadfast throughout the war years to resist various types of oppression of arbitrary arrests and deportation and other thereby demonstrating its belief in the inevitability of victory.
.autam Announcement Astfilal Algeria on 3 July 1962 and was named on 5 July holiday for Independence
Compared to one million and a half million martyrs Artur their land Algeria pure good.