Text and terms of the Treaty of Sevres
Sevres treaty is the treaty, which was held on August 10, 1920, after the First World War, and it was agreed between the allies victorious forces and representatives of the Ottoman Turkish government, which canceled the treaty with the Ottoman Empire and was forced Turkey to renounce all rights with the Arab countries in Asia and North Africa also stipulates Armenia independent, for independent Kurdistan, and to the Greek presence in the eastern Thrace on the west coast of Anatolia, as well as the Greek control of the Aegean Islands controlling the Dardanelles Strait, which was rejected by the new Turkish nationalist regime, it has been replaced by the Treaty of Sevres under the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 .chrith Treaty of Sevres
About Sevres Treaty:
Treaty of Sevres was held in the "August 10 in 1920," It is one of a series of treaties between the countries that make up the Central Powers, which took place after their defeat in the First World War. The treaty was signed, in the exhibition hall porcelain factory national industry de Sevres in Sevres, France.
Representing the Treaty of Sevres as the beginning of the division of the Ottoman Empire, which eventually included the conditions set on the renunciation of all non-Turkish territories that were part of the Ottoman Empire, and assign them to manage the Allies, and is worth mentioning that the waiver of the eastern Mediterranean land allowed the existence of, the Mandate British Mandate of Palestine and French Syria.
Russia did not participate because they negotiated the Brest-Litovsk treaty with the Ottoman Empire in 1918, and in that treaty, and at the insistence of the Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha, he regained the Ottoman Empire territories that Russia was captured in the Russo-Turkish War during the year "1877-1878 ", specifically with the Ardahan and Kars, and Batumi. Where he signed Sir George Dixon Graham of Great Britain, and Alexandre Millerand of France, and Lelio Bonin Longare to Italy, and was Avetis Aharonian, head of the first delegation of the Republic of Armenia, which took place on the Batumi treaty in the June 4, 1918, also it signed the power of the Allies, but Greece has not accepted the border as painted, and refused to ratify the treaty.
The four signatories, supported the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mohammed VI has expressed: Senior Minister Damat Mohamed Farid Pasha, Ambassador Hadi Pasha, the player satisfaction Tawfiq.
It was stripped signatory to the citizenship treaty by the Grand National Assembly by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the treaty eventually led to war Turkish independence, and then by Ataturk and nationalist Turks of the new treaty, a treaty that was held in 1923 and which led to Lausanne, which brought them more effectively it came into existence in the modern era of Turkey.
The signing of the Treaty of Versailles with the German Empire by the Treaty of Sevres, which canceled the German concessions in the Ottoman area, including economic rights and also projects with France, signed Great Britain and Italy "tripartite agreement" secret on the same date.
The tripartite agreement on the privileges and oil business in Britain, turned the former German companies in the Ottoman Empire for more than a company.
The terms of the Treaty of Sevres more severe than those imposed on the German Empire under the Treaty of Versailles, and France, Italy and Great Britain began a secret division of the Ottoman Empire in the early part of 1915, and remained open negotiations for more than fifteen months, starting from the Paris Peace Conference, and continued at the London conference, and did not take a clear shape only after a meeting of Prime Minister in the San Remo Conference in April 1920, and been a delay because the forces can not reach an agreement which, in turn, depends on the outcome of the Turkish national movement, and canceled the Treaty of Sevres in the context of war, the Turkish independence, signed Both parties ratified the Treaty of Lausanne, which has been replaced in 1923 and 1924.
Terms of the treaty:
The treaty states:
Get the Hijaz area on independence.
Armenia obtain independence.
Kurdistan's independence according to items 62 and 63 of the third paragraph and allow the jurisdiction of Mosul to join the Kurdistan based on the item 62, which read, "If a dispute arises within one year from the ratification of the Convention to advance the Kurds Aleghanton in the region identified by the article" 62 "to the League of Nations, saying, the majority of the inhabitants of this region seeking independence from Turkey, and in the case of the League of Nations recognition that these people qualified to live an independent life recommends the granting of independence, and Turkey must undertake to accept this recommendation and give up all right in this area, and will be detailed procedures to give Turkey this rights subject of a separate agreement between senior allies and Turkey .The Treaty of Sèvres map's
The goal of the Allies:
Said French and British leaders, and the United States their goals differentiated with respect to the Ottoman Empire at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and was a shock to the world when the treaty said that the Allied forces were on an agreement to keep the Ottoman government in Constantinople, to remain the capital of the Ottoman Empire, but with reservations about the terms of the Treaty, but the treaty called for the expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from Europe.
After the state of the Armenian rejected ratification in the Senate, the US decided not to participate in the division of the Ottoman Empire, and urged the US to implement a lasting peace as soon as possible, with financial compensation for military expenditures, however, after the US Senate rejected the mandate and Wilson Armenian , was the only hope for inclusion in the treaty by the influential Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos.
Provisions of the Treaty:
It reinforced the treaty division of the Ottoman Empire, in agreement with the secret agreements between the Allied Powers.
Kingdom of Hejaz:
Granted the Kingdom of Hejaz independence international recognition, an area estimated at 260,000 km 2, and had a population of about 750,000. Inhabitants and was the largest city in the holy places, is the Mecca, which has a population of 80,000, people, and Medina, which has a population 40000.nsmh, which formed the former mandate of the Hijaz, but during the war, an independent kingdom came under British influence.
Armenia:
Armenia has been recognized as a state established by the parties signatory to the "Section Six" Armenia "materials from 88-93."
Ottoman Empire :
In late 1918, it showed the map of Europe before World War I, the border with the new states formed after the big war in red, which include limits established by the Treaty of Sevres.
Financial constraints:
The Allies control of the financial resources of the empire, and tightened financial controls for the approval or supervision of the national budget and financial laws and regulations, and full control of the Ottoman Bank, and was re-Ottoman public debt management design, "which was developed in 1881" to include the British contingent, and holders of French and Italian bonds.
And the problem of the Ottoman debt dating back to the Crimean War time during the year "1854-1856", during which the Ottoman Empire had borrowed money from abroad, especially from France, during the Lausanne Conference, the Council decided that the Republic of Turkey was responsible for 67% of the annual premium for the debt of the pre-war . The question of how it is being propelled, however, the problem is not solved even came in 1928. After concessions from the Ottoman Empire, where the treaty was abolished before 1914, and surrender in the first year of the war for Talaat Pasha Road, also extended its control over the import and export duties, re organize and proportional representation electoral system of "races" within the empire, and the empire was required to grant freedom of transit of people and goods, ships, etc., which pass through its territory, and the goods in transit should be free from all customs duties. While not arranged future developments of the tax system, the customs system, internal or external loans, or make concessions without obtaining the approval of the Finance Committee of the Allied forces, to thwart the economic regeneration of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and called for the treaty to Empire liquidate property of citizens of those countries in the territory, it will be the general liquidation handed over to the compensation Committee, and got rid of property rights Railway Baghdad from German control.
Military restrictions:
The number of the Ottoman army soldiers were limited to 50,700 troops, who are from the Ottoman navy, which retain only seven sloops and six torpedo boats, where the Ottoman Empire prohibit access to the Air Force.
The treaty included a joint committee between the allies for the control and organization overseeing the implementation of military items.
Trials International:
It identified the treaty required of officials who use "barbaric and illegal methods in the war ... (including) crimes against the laws and customs of war and humanitarian principles."
And Article 230 of the Treaty of Sevres demanding the Ottoman Empire "delivered allies persons forces responsible for the massacres committed during the continuation of the state of war on territory which formed part of the surrender of the Ottoman Empire in the August 1, 1914" However, the attempt Inter-allied court has requested that treaty Sevres, which were suspended at the end.
France "zone of influence"
Controlled by France on Syria and neighboring parts of south-east Anatolia, including Antibes, and Urfa, Mardin, it has announced Cilicia, including Adana and Diyarbakir and large parts of the mid-eastern Anatolia all the way up north to Sivas and Tokat they area French influence.
Greece "Serna zone"
To occupy the Smyrna area Greek administration established on May 21, 1919, and was followed by the announcement that it is protected in July 192 230, quoting the treaty "for the exercise of sovereign rights of the local parliament," but left the area under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty, and the Smyrna managed by the local parliament it also gave a chance to the people of Smyrna referendum after five years on whether they want to join Greece in exchange for the remaining parts of the Ottoman Empire and will oversee the referendum, the League of Nations, and the Greek administration accepted the treaty, but the region remained under Turkish sovereignty.
Italy "area of influence"
Italy confirmed that the Dodecanese Islands in their possession, "and already are under Italian occupation since the Turkish Italian war during 1911-1912, despite the fact that the Treaty of Ouchy was stipulated that Italy was forced to return the islands to the Ottoman Empire," and announced that large parts of southern and western Anatolia Central started "on the Mediterranean coast in Turkey, and Inlands" including port Ontakie and the capital's historic Seljuk Konya with the Italian sphere of influence, and promised Ontakie interrupted by triple alliance to Italy in the Treaty of London, and the colonial authorities Italian is seeking for the region to become an Italian colony under the name Lycia.
Kurdistan:
He was scheduled to have a referendum on self-determination, in accordance with Part III of the materials 62-64, which includes Mosul and Kurdistan province.
There was general agreement among the Kurds on what should be the borders because of the disparity between the Kurdish settlement areas of political and administrative boundaries in the region, and proposed the outline of the Kurdish entity in 1919 by Sharif Pasha, which represents the ascent Association of Kurdistan in the Paris Peace Conference, it was agreed the current Iraqi-Turkish border in July 1926.