Traditional Ottoman houses in the village, "Sfranblo", a World Heritage Site.
Sultan Selim II or Shlmyh mosque in Edirne mosque.
The entrance to the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.
Mohammed Pasha Bridge in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A World Heritage Site.
Entrance joy Dolma Palace in Istanbul.
Grand Serail, the Lebanese government headquarters in Beirut.
Khan As'ad Pasha in Damascus, Syria.
Sultan Ahmed Mosque or Blue Mosque.
It is considered some of the mosques of the most prominent effects of Ottoman architecture, including: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Mosque in Istanbul, and the reign of Sultan Muhammad built to Greek engineer named "Hristo Doulos", [204] one of the coolest effects of Ottoman architecture and the closest to perfection. Sultanahmet Mosque in Istanbul, too, and the Mosque of Sultan Bayezid which is characterized by His Excellency materials for construction and Bzachrvath on the way in Persian. [204] and the Mosque of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who competed in the beauty of Hagia Sophia, which has been entrusted constructed by the famous Ottoman architect "Sinan Agha." In fact, Sinan This was the greatest engineers of the Ottomans at all, it has established, in addition to this great mosque, dozens of other mosques including Sultan Selim II Mosque, or Shlmyh Mosque, and fifty-five schools, and seventeen restaurants from public view, and three hospitals, seven bridges, and thirty-three palace, and eighteen Khanna, five museums. [204] has reached the versatility of Sinan Agha and some engineers who followed him that they incorporated into their designs Byzantine style Chinese style. [207]
Arts and Letters
Musicians from Aleppo in the mid-eighteenth century playing on the Turkish and Arab machines are: (left to right) tambourine, Altenbor, flute, Alکmanچh, drum and click.
Focused on the ruling class of the Ottoman music and celebrate, and reached the degree of interest in some of the sultans music and singing that staged some of the music for themselves and Hnoha, and those of Sultan Selim III. Featuring Ottoman music, as most of the cultural features of the Ottomans, it is a mixture of Byzantine, Arab and Persian music, it was regulated in accordance with the rhythmic units called "asset", and melodic units called "shrine". The Ottomans used musical instruments invented in Central Asia, such as the saz and Alکmanچh, and other invented by the Arabs, such as the oud and flute Altenbor law, and then added to by some European instruments such as violin piano. It emerged two types of music in the Ottoman Empire by the expansion of the state and after regions from each other: traditional or classical Ottoman music, music of the Ottoman folk; and there was a confused characteristic of Ottoman music including: Music Janissaries, music and Roma, and music belly dancing, and music Turk folk. Shawwam Egyptians and other peoples Greeks quote some forms of Ottoman music and Dmjoha in their culture.
Ottoman poetry influenced by the Persian counterpart dramatically, and Arabic poetry to a lesser extent, and it was this combination of Arabic and Farsi great influence in the genesis of Ottoman Turkish, [208] were poets continued, and some of the Ottoman sultans, organize poetry in Persian and Arabic until the late nineteenth century. ten, when he took the Turkish resort to the Turkish language in the hair systems. [209] the prose ottoman is a listed ancient events have already occurred, and continued in that capacity until the nineteenth century when the affected European novels, especially the French, and took the book invent stories cavalry.
Neglected Ottoman art of acting at the beginning of their reign, but replace him with offers Muppets, known as the "Karagoz and Awaz", and this cultural phenomenon has spread in most of the eastern countries are subject to the state, and resorted to people to entertain themselves during the Ottoman era, and continued in some places until the emergence of cinemas and radio and television. [210]
the kitchen
Turkish coffee, the most prominent is the common Ottoman kitchen between Turkey and the Levant, the Balkans and North Africa attributes.
Ottoman cuisine meant that the kitchen that had prevailed in the capital and the state capitals, and the former Ottoman kitchens these areas remain identical and sometimes common in certain types of food at other times. This fused kitchens all in Astana, so that the sultans they surround themselves with a number of chefs from various Ottoman States, and allow them to experience new forms of recipes or mixing these with their own and other people of private else. They were the chef publish new cuisine that know them in the capital in their home countries when they return to it, and in this way, in addition to the banquet, which was the governors or the Sultan Iqimoha nationals and the poor in the month of Ramadan, introduced under the Ottoman Empire peoples kitchens different state. [211] can be observed the impact of the Ottoman kitchen today in many eastern European kitchens and maize, such as Greek cuisine and the Serbian and Bosnian and Lebanese and Palestinian Halabi and Damascus and elsewhere. Of the most common specialties between Turkey and a number of former US Ottoman: Turkish coffee, meat dough, kebabs known as "shawarma", Aliberq or "Arish Paper" or "grape leaves," baklava, and many others.
Demography
Is a calculation of the population of the Ottoman Empire subject of controversy among historians, because the first sources that refer to this slim and vague question. The Ottoman Empire did not rely statistic of the population using modern methods until the year 1831, was the first official census shows until the year 1881, [212] However, these statistics do not help in spite of this to determine the total number of the population, Vahsae in 1831, for example, the referee awarded only men without The women did not cover all parts of the State. [213]
The language
There were three major languages prevalent in the Ottoman Empire: the Turkish, the native language of the Turks, was spoken by the majority of Anatolia and Thrace population, in addition to the Balkans, except dairy and residents of the Bosnian Muslims, and of course it spreads the Turkish language among those intellectuals from non-Turks, especially those employees in government departments. [214] was also of the Persian language limited the spread between the intellectuals of the Ottomans, [214] the second language in terms of importance was the Arabic language, was speaking slot population under Ottoman rule of Arab States, as well as the Turks and other Muslim peoples in the state, being the language of religion Islamic, but he mastered and speaking slot fluently as the Arabs were the educated class as well. [214] The Turkish language is the official state of the Ottoman language, different Ottoman Turkish modern Turkish language, on one hand they were more influenced by Arabic and Persian languages, and quoted them many terms today disappeared from the Turkish lexicon. [214]
Spread some of the other languages on the shortness of the Ottoman Empire scale, including: Kurdish, Serbian, Greek, Hungarian, Armenian, Bulgarian, also had some denominations languages liturgical own, such as Syriac and Coptic Christians Shawwam and Egyptians, and Hebrew for Jews. Quote Arabs, particularly Shawwam and Egyptians number of Turkish words and become a part of the language of everyday communication in their country, and these words: footprint, and origin "Basmaq" and refers to the weight of the foot; "Blki" means expectation and probability; "Boya" origin "Buyag" means paint; "customs" means tax taken the goods, "Dgre" origin "Duru" means the rectum, are also used to refer to walk forward; "Oodh" origin "Uhde" means room; "jar" any glass container, in other words many. [215]
Debt
Part of a series
Islam
Whirling Muluaon of 1887.
Islam was the official religion in the Ottoman Empire, it has embraced the overwhelming majority of the population in the Asian and African States, and in some parts of the Balkans, according to Sunni Islam, and there was a Shiite minority is mainly spread in Iraq and some parts of the Levant, as well as there was a small percentage of Druze and Alawites in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and Anatolia. Follow the number of Muslim Ottoman Turks, including many of the sultans, mystical several ways, including the way Bakdashah and Almetrdah and esoteric and Dervishes. Emerged during the Ottoman era, a major ideological movement mystical with political and economic dimensions, and involved an attempt rapprochement between Islam, Christianity and Judaism, that was the Sheikh, "Badr al-Din" movement, which is topping the most important religious and social movements throughout the Ottoman history, the fact that calling it said some of the ideas that contradict Islamic beliefs, including the denial of heaven and hell and the day of Judgment, the angels and demons, and the Palace of the certificate on its section I, ie, "No God but Allah" and delete the second half, that is, "Muhammad is the messenger of God" and called for absolute asceticism and the Mahdi. This call has been able to attract a lot of Christians and a few Jews and several Muslims, the Ottomans were able to stop this invitation and scaled, but they continue to be followed, and became known as "Alahien." [216]
Ottoman postcard from the early twentieth century show of St. Stephen Bulgarian church in Constantinople.
The Ottomans allowed the Jews and Christians to practice their religion freely under the protection of the state, as required by Islamic law, and thus the people of the book from the non-Muslims were considered nationals of the Ottomans, but without being applied to them the law of the state, any provisions of the Islamic Sharia, and the imposition of the Ottomans as all Muslim countries before them, the tribute to nationals of non-Muslims in exchange for exemption from service in the military. The Orthodox denominations largest non-Islamic religions in the Ottoman Empire, has split its followers to several churches, notably the Roman Church, Armenians and Copts, and the Bulgarians, and Serbs, and Syriacs, these churches are applied Justinian law in matters of personal status. Singled Ottomans Orthodox Christians number of concessions in the areas of politics, trade, and this is sometimes due to the loyalty of the Orthodox of the Ottoman Empire. [217] [218] follow some Christians under the Ottoman Empire Catholicism, but they make up during the era of state minority, it has belonged most churches Catholic to the eastern branch, most notably: the Maronite Church and the Assyrian Church and the Roman Catholics and others. The Ottoman state relationship with some churches peaceful relationship most outdated, was the Greek Orthodox acquiesce willingly to the Sultan as long as it is exposed to them one in their religion, and allowed the sultans, the first of whom Mehmet the Conqueror, allowed the Armenians to build their churches within the Astana limits, while the Byzantines believe that Armenians heretics did not allow them to practice their faith within the walls of Constantinople, and gave the Ottomans Maronite privilege Misahm from other Christian denominations, which should not be asked the Patriarch and the bishops firman from the Sublime Porte, for the government to recognize their authority on their subjects, [219] and restored Ottoman establishment of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, after she had previously dissolved and merged into the body of the Greek Orthodox Church. [220]
Drawing Osmaon Jews from the seventeenth century.
Jewish housing many parts of the Ottoman Empire, was the number of Jews increased Ambassardion after the fall of Andalusia, when they rounded the multitudes of them along with the Muslim Andalusians to different parts of the state, and in particular Constantinople and Thessaloniki and some cities in the Levant and Egypt, and was president of the Jewish sects known as "Rabbi Bashi" or "Pasha rabbis." Some historians say that the Jews of the Ottomans played a role in the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire through their cooperation with the European Jews and advocates of Zionism, also contributed to tarnish the image of the state later, [221] and others shows that the Ottoman Empire's policy was based on the encouraging Jews to emigrate to their property, but they she was afraid that the Jews residing state of their own in the area around Jerusalem, leads to the breaking of the Levant them, and monopolize the holy city. [222]
Worsened the Ottomans relationship with many non-Muslim communities at the end of the era of state for various reasons, including the emergence of nationalist movements adopted by peoples they were often sympathize with some of the communities they belong to the same national or religious doctrine, and at the outbreak of the First World War a narrow Ottomans down on Christians nationals in order to prevent access any contact between them and the enemies of the state of the British and the Russians and the French, and during this period made the state a few acts have taken some actions that resulted in the killing and displacement of many Christians and Jews, some of these acts was considered massacres and pogroms targeted for persecution of religious minorities, while others work has been carried out by the considered any country in time of war to maintain its security.
Law and Justice
The Islamic Sharia is the basis of Ottoman law. At first it was a "military judge" is the head of the judiciary. He was appointed to his side two other judges, one to Africa and one for Europe. [177] was not the authority of the military judges, these are limited to military affairs, but surpassed to the realms of the entire law. They were the judges who are appointed judicial officers and judges and their deputies. He was reciting the military judges in the order "great scholars" They capital of judges, then the "young scientists" who were in charge of the judiciary in ten secondary cities of cities States such as Baghdad and Sofia. [177] The judges of the second division and below They were divided into three layers are: Inspectors , judges, and deputy judges. The judicial bodies are all subject to the Mufti of Constantinople, who was carrying the title of "Shaykh al-Islam." The Shaykh al-Islam that Lefty in bringing him from judicial matters, and was often the sultans Astsdron him fatwa whenever they make a fateful decision to take relates to the affairs of peace or war. [177]
Ottoman trial of the 1877 session.
Sultan Abdul Majid I was adopted notation Ottoman civil law as a step of the regulatory steps, pushed senior scholars and scientists collecting legislation in what became known magazine judicial rulings. This magazine is made up of sixteen book first book sales the latest book of the judiciary, and every book about the subject, and a component of the doors, and each component of the door of the chapters. [223] The magazine was issued in 1882, which is the first codification of Islamic jurisprudence in civil matters within the framework of legal provisions, on the doctrine of Imam Abu Hanifa. It is the base upon which the civil law in most Arab countries such as Iraq, Egypt and Jordan.
Army
] Irregular forces (1237-1365)
Shield of the Ottoman period prior to the establishment of the regular army.
It was not for the Principality Ottoman Empire at its regular army rely on it. The first burden Fotouh fallen on the mujahideen and researchers for the spoils and groups dervishes, and they were all from the Knights, Vigtmon in a specific place by advocates and then go out to war, if ended dispersed crowds and returned each one to its core business. [224] the Ottomans had been adopted since the first backs in history, the system of feudal aim was to secure a stable source of supply their armies manned, enriches them for the establishment of a permanent regular army and provides them with expenses, and was the basis for this system is feudalism or the granting of warriors some agricultural districts vs. their commitment that they are always willing to go to war when to call it, with the numbers of horsemen from their followers and space suit Alaqtaah granted to each of them, and that Ejehsohm with everything they needed from the horses and weapons. [224]
The first regular army (1365-1828)
Soldiers from the Janissaries.
Is the Sultan first Orhan founder of real Ottoman army, he realized through his fights he needs the Army infantry can open castles and storm the ramparts impregnable, and its members know the craft but to fight, [224], setting up the first place regular army composed of multiple teams, each band is divided into the units consist of ten Anvar, and a hundred turnoff, and a thousand turnoff. [224] and then chose a thousand of prisoners of war, most of them young people, between the seventh and tenth, and included them Christians boys displaced and orphans whose parents or their mothers died during the invasions and battles, then smelting everyone in one pot, and Oncohm on the Islamic religion and the attachment to his person and devotion to him and to the religion and the nation, such was their nucleus army of Janissaries (Turkish Ottoman: Aکaچry; any army talk). [225] were the Janissaries do not know the craft does not work, but fighting and war, the army consisted janissary of Three different teams are: Alskman Community and the band, and was a top boss known as "Agha Janissaries." Proliferation of Janissaries with time, reaching in some cases, sixty thousand, [225] and all historians agree that compliment the spirit of the regime that characterized these soldiers in the Golden Age of the state, did not have a place to booze or gambling or other pests known to the armies of Europe in those covenants. [225] but corruption soon to bear to this army with time, Vaatad Janissaries to rebel and ask for generous donations whenever ascended the throne new Sultan. They formed in the late covenants obstacle was prevented reform and renewal, Vopadhm Sultan Mahmud II wiped out and canceled all the costumes and titles. [224] created the Ottomans along with Army infantry army of knights known as "the groves Knights" or Sپahی, and he knows most of the Arab Writers' behalf "Alsibah knights", and they played a major role in the progress Fotouh across Europe, but they were corrupt as the Janissaries at the end of their reign, and participated with them in the same fate. [226] Me Ottomans Corps artillery great care, and they created a private in the army band is the artillery division, "Ataiwbjeeh." The artillery advancing army when the attack, while the Janissaries accompany the forefront of the army. [224]
The second regular army (1826-1922)
Drawing Cavalry Ottomans after the military reforms of Sultanin Mahmud II and Abdul Majid first.
Oh well, my best army Askar
You are courageous in the sea Choose the one
In the hand shield in hand dagger
The secret about from enemies my best Askar
If everything in the sea supports
We call God is great
God is great God is great
Let our military always Muzaffar
-nhid Ottoman army
After the Sultan Mahmud II spent the Janissaries, the oldest on the abolition of all military teams are not organized, and has become a whole army consisted of regular soldiers armed with the latest weapons reached their number by the year 1826 to twelve thousand troops that number rose to seventy five thousand by the year 1828. [ 227] Sultan launched a new army the name "Asaker Mansoura Muhammadiyah," and summoned the officers and engineers Frenchmen and Germans to train its members in accordance with the European model. And he founded Sultan military academy in 1834, and sent some of its graduates to European capitals to complete their graduate studies. [228] army continues ottoman is present in an official capacity until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, when all Ottoman forces become along with Mustafa Kemal forces form the Turkish Armed Forces.
Marine fleet
Image of the Ottoman fleet in the Strait Golden Horn on a postcard German returns for the first years of the First World War.
The Ottomans established a large naval fleet helped them in many of their conquests land and sea alike. Perhaps credited with strengthening the Ottoman fleet back to Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror first, and when he took the throne, Sultan Selim I continued to strengthen this weapon, then Suleiman the Magnificent came and adding the number of ships amounted to three hundred. [225] The Ottoman fleet consists of heavy Doreet light cruisers, and was equipped with artillery strong. But the state neglected the fleet, in the late sixteenth century, Vtdhail number of pieces, limited its activity to almost Coast Guard. [225] In the era of reforms and regulations of Sultan Mahmud II tried advancement Navy built the ship, "Mahmudiya" that were throughout the largest warship in the world for years, and tried to Sultan Abdul Aziz, the first revival of Ottoman Navy again and increase the cut, he built a fleet was the largest in the world after the fleets of Britain, France, and Asthsal of Britain's first naval submarine of its kind. [229] but in spite of all that, the Sultan believed that the Ottoman fleet is
Air Force
Founded Ottoman Air Force in June of the year 1909, and thus it is considered one of the oldest weapons of air in the world, the pilots received Ottomans trained in Germany overall, and fought on many fronts during the First World War: from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east, and Yemen in the south.